Visual space in street art and graffiti Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Visual space in street art and graffiti - Essay Example According to Dickenson, New York city was one of the cities where graffiti art first emerged. These visual artworks were made in as a representation of the â€Å"race, class, gender, ethnicity, nationality, religion etc.† of the artist or group of artists. During this time, the public visual space used for the graffiti in New York was considered as nuances to business establishments. Nonetheless, by the time that New York experienced financial crisis, the poor became poorer. To voice out their sentiments about the social gap, artists went beyond using public walls and utilized the spaces in public transits or subways. In this way, graffiti became â€Å"message-oriented† as it was able to reach a wider audience and allowed others to join in sending a message. More importantly, it became a collective process that encourages creativity wherein artists, or anyone can add, alter, or reestablish the message of the art they see on the streets and the different mobile media. As ide from this, considering that art is a revolutionary process that does not keep still and idle, art medium also evolved with it. In particular, in Brazil, portable forms of graffiti were made, which is known as the lambe-lambes. The most common themes of theses mobile medium and artworks are anchored on the drawings made by children or with â€Å"pop culture icons merged with religious ones†. Another public space used for graffiti in Brazil was the billboards and signage for advertisements and real-estate. These public spaces became visual spaces.

Modern Family Essay Example for Free

Modern Family Essay Modern Family is a documentary-style comedy about three branches of the extended Pritchett family: Dad Jay has married a younger woman and is now raising a teenage stepson; his daughter Claire has a husband and three kids of her own; and his gay son Mitchell has just adopted a Vietnamese baby with his partner. Modern Family premiered on ABC in September 2009 as part of the networks new Wednesday comedy lineup, and was immediately met with positive reviews and strong ratings, becoming the breakout show of the night. Modern Family was created and is executive-produced by Steven Levitan and Christopher Lloyd, who worked together as writers and producers on Frasier, and co-created the short-lived sitcom Back to You; Levitan was also the creator of Just Shoot Me. This investigation will highlight the key aspects which has made Modern Family a very likable program over the last few years. the way in how the show appeals to viewers will be discussed as well as the values and attitudes of society are re? ected through the main characters. I Will also indicate some of the controls and constraints that Modern Family has to deal with in order to make their show successful and appropriate. Also featured will be the discussion of some of the obvious stereotypes which the show portrays and the impact of Modern Family on Todays society. But to be able to understand all these aspects, you will need to familiarise yourself with the main characters ? rst. Characters Jay Pritchett: The father of Claire and Mitchell, husband of Gloria, grandfather of Lily, Luke, Alex, and Haley, and the stepfather of Manny. He is the owner of a construction ? rm and is presumably the wealthiest family member. Jay has a dry and sarcastic sense of humor. Like both his son and daughter, Jay is generally more realistic, mild mannered, and sensible than his partner, Gloria, who is unashamed of the fact Jay is many years her senior. A recurring plot involves Jays relationship with his son Mitchell, which became more complicated due to Jays reaction to Mitchells sexual orientation. Gloria Pritchett: Jays wife and Mannys mother. She is from a small village in Columbia. She is a very loving wife and mother despite the age difference between her and her husband. Her voluptuous ? gure and overall beauty is often remarked or noticed by other characters on the show. One of her most distinctive traits is her very thick Colombian accent, which sometimes leads her to mispronounce English words, such as ultimatum as old-tomato and earrings as hair-rings. She often supports Manny when Jay tries to tell him to be less sensitive or hide his cultural background. Manny Delgado: Glorias 14-year-old son from her ? rst marriage. He is very outgoing and not the least bit self-conscious. He is very intelligent, mature and intuitive for his age and is often shown doing adult-like things, such as having conversations with Claire about her marriage and kids, and drinking coffee. He has inherited his mothers passion for life, though Gloria has also said, Manny is passionate, just like his father. This causes Manny to be very romantic. Manny is not afraid to take chances, leading him to ask out older girls, and develop a crush on Haley. Phil Dunphy: Claires husband of 20 years who sees himself as the cool dad. He dotes on his wife Claire and constantly tries to ? nd ways to bond with his three kids. He is seen as very competitive, one example being his nature of always beating his son at basketball. He has a very juvenile attitude, and is referred to by Claire as the kid [shes] married to. He uses a parenting method that he calls peerenting, which is a combination of talking like a peer but acting like a parent. He is a real estate agent who is very con? dent in his work, once saying I could sell a fur coat to an Eskimo. Claire Dunphy: the daughter of Jay, Mitchells older sister, and the helicopter soccer mom of the Dunphy family and its three very different kids. She was once a wild-child who made a lot of mistakes over the years, and she is fearful that her children could make the same mistakes, especially her oldest daughter, Haley. She is often exhausted from stress created by her family but is still a loving mother. When it comes to her kids she has dif? culty controlling Haleys independence and irresponsibility, Alexs manipulative nature, and Lukes lack of common sense. She also gets annoyed with her husband, Phil, constantly. Claire is a very competitive person, much like her husband, and is portrayed with a personality that causes her to freak out easily, and get angry. She is very strict about a clean house. She is seen as an experienced parent by Cameron and Mitchell, so she is called upon for her parenting advice Haley Dunphy: the daughter of Claire and Phil, who is portrayed as the stereotypical teenager who is often embarrassed by the presence of her parents. Haley is 15 at the beginning of the series, and is a freshman in college as of Season 4. Haley is depicted as being a bit of a bimbo, who focuses more on social status than studies. She is a little naive, especially when it comes to arguing with her parents. She is concerned about her popularity at school, as well as her social and sexual life, which contributes to her being embarrassed by her parents. Alex Dunphy: the 15-year-old daughter of Claire and Phil, and also the most erudite and intelligent of the three siblings. She is very bright and cares much more about her studies than friends/social life and boys. As the middle child to a shallow big sister and a goofy younger brother, she enjoys messing with them when they are rude to her, which is fairly often. Often taking advantage of their naivete by fooling them into believing unrealistic things, she at one time convinced Haley and Luke that they could charge electronics by rubbing the battery on their heads (Haley) and putting it in their mouths (Luke). She, as a stereotypical precocious kid, displays a sense of superiority because of her erudition, constantly putting her accomplishments on display and demanding recognition for them. Luke Dunphy: Phil and Claire? s 14-year-old son, who is often doing his own thing. At times, he can be a troublemaker, once shooting his sister with a toy gun and getting into a ? ht with Manny at school. Luke is playful, very innocent and does not always understand the repercussions of his actions, like most children; he once announced at a family gathering that his mom thought her dads new wife was a gold digger, although he misheard it as coal digger. Mitchell Pritchett: Also referred to as Mitch, is Jays son, Claires younger brother, Luke, Alex and Haleys uncle, one of Lilys fathers, and partner of eight years to Cameron. He is a low-key, mild-mannered person. At most times he is the exact opposite of Cameron which usually causes disagreements. Cameron acts as a counterbalance to Mitchells uptight, worrying ways. He usually responds to homophobia (whether real or perceived) by giving speeches. Because of his mild-mannered, uptight nature, he is sometimes embarrassed by Camerons ? amboyance. Cameron Tucker: Also referred to as Cam, is Mitchells partner of eight years, and one of Lilys fathers, who has a very big dramatic personality. His bubbly outgoing personality contrasts to Mitchells uptight manner, which causes them to have opposing character traits. Cameron was born on February 29, 1972 and grew up on a farm in Missouri. Lilly Tucker-Pritchett: the adopted Vietnamese daughter of Cameron and Mitchell. When she was introduced to the family, they accepted her with open arms, although Mitchell originally wanted to wait to tell them about her. She is at times doing activities with both of her fathers but remains with Cam at home while Mitchell works. How Does It Appeal? A key aspect of the show? s appeal is the similarities people ? nd between the extended family and their own family. Some characters from the show are Phil Dunphy, Claire Dunphy, Jay Pritchett, Gloria Pritchett, Mitchell Pritchett, and Cam Tucker. There are many other characters that make up this family, which make for much more diversity. The dynamic between these different immediate families and their values (including traditional, gay, straight, and multicultural) are what gives Modern Family its large demographic. The diversity of the Pritchetts helps reach a large audience. The ? rst part of this family is the Pritchett-Delgado family. This consists of Jay, the family patriarch, Gloria, the younger second wife, and Manny, her son. The fun part in watching this family is the culture clash between Jay and Gloria. Gloria and Manny are Hispanic, while Jay is white. It is interesting as they try to make sure that Manny gets a combination of both cultures in his life. Next in this family is the Dunphy family. This has Claire, Jay? s daughter and mother of three, and Phil, Claire? s fun husband. Their children are also in the show. First is Haley, the epitome of some teenage girls who seem to only care about their social lives as opposed to spending time with their family. Second is Alex, the smart child and Haley? s opposite. Last is Luke, the youngest and most rambunctious of the three. He is very close to Manny. The Dunphy? s are a very traditional family, but has had some of the more memorable moments in the show. Some of them come from Phil, who is known for having a very fun sense of humor. Finally there is the Pritchett-Ticker family. This is made up of Mitchell, Jay? s gay son and Claire? s younger brother, Cam, his partner, and Lily, their adoptive daughter from Vietnam. It is fun to watch their family and see how different they are from the other two parts of the family. It? s also important because it helps to put the similarities into perspective for many viewers, and that is very valuable these days. Stereotypes Stereotypes are an inevitable part of modern culture. They are standardized and simpli? ed views of groups and minorities based on prior assumptions. â€Å"Modern Family† constantly utilises and plays with the notions of Stereotypes. â€Å"Modern Family† attempts to create a new stereotype by conforming and altering old stereotypes. There is Jay, the Grandfather who remarried to a beautiful, busty Colombian woman Gloria and her son, Manny. Jay? s daughter, Claire, married to Phil, who have 3 children, Haley, Alex and Luke. Finally, Jay? s on Mitchell has an adopted Vietnamese daughter with boyfriend Cameron. The entire program works by challenging and changing stereotypes, in particular that of Gay parents, Cam and Mitch. Cameron and Mitchell are, in a way, a stereotypical gay couple. However, the humour and the message is portrayed through their confrontation of that stereotype. In one episode, they are confronted with the notion that one of them in the couple is â€Å"the woman. † This stereotypical view, that society is asking them to conform to, forces not only a humorous situation, but also challenges the characters? Gender and Identity. The show cleverly alters the ideas of stereotypes, and plays to into them, but also puts â€Å"name to a face† as it were. Stereotypes are not necessarily formed solely on against minorities, and this show challenges every one. Each character is a â€Å"stereotype† in their own right – be that â€Å"the dumb socialite,† or â€Å"the only child† or â€Å"the loud Colombian woman†. In season 4 there is an episode titled â€Å"Fulgencio† Which con? rms the perception that Latinos working in America are poor and struggle for money but still work very hard. Gloria? family comes to visit the new born baby in the family and the Columbian family endeavors the entire episode to clearing the house, especially Gloria? s sister. it is a positive representation of Latinos because they want to work even if they are on a holiday. But the beauty and hilarity of Modern Family is that each character confronts each of their stereotypes and we, as an audience, see that there is a lot more than meets the eye. Instead of simply accepting some of these stereotypes, Modern Family challenges some of these and in doing so creates a new opinion on the viewers Controls and Constraints There are many controls and constraints that will affect any media production, and Modern Family is no exception. Time: Time is one of the main factors that affects the production. Each episode is meant to run for approximately 20-23 minutes excluding ad-breaks. This means that the group of people who are putting together an episode, must avoid making a very long plot and address the main issue of the episode almost immediately. Another constraint of the show is its budget. Budget: The budget of any program is an outline of how much that production will cost, or how much the director is willing to spend. In its ? st three seasons. There has been episodes ? lmed in Hawaii, and a ranch. These episodes were have been ? lmed in these locations and not a studio with a backdrop of that location. This would have possibly meant that the budget for those 2 episodes would have been greater than some of their other episodes. It is also rumored that the ABC is planning to ? lm a future episode in Columbia in which the viewers will be introduced to Gloria Pritchett? s family. Taking into account the budget of a normal episode, and adding to that international ? ights for the cast and crew, this could very well be the most expensive episode yet. Rating/Audience: One of the most important controls and constraints which affect a media production, is the audience and their expectations. The producers of the show will give a classi? cation or rating so that viewers have some idea of what to expect. Modern Family has a rating of PG13. A PG-rated motion picture should be investigated by parents before they let their younger children attend. The PG rating indicates, in the view of the Rating Board, that parents may consider some material unsuitable for their children, and parents should make that decision. The more mature themes in some PG-rated motion pictures may call for parental guidance. There may be some profanity and some depictions of violence or brief nudity. However, these elements are not deemed so intense as to require that parents be strongly cautioned beyond the suggestion of parental guidance. There is no drug use content in a PG-rated motion picture. Since people under the age of 13 are still likely to watch the show, The writers of an episode must be very careful about any potential jokes that might affect a child. E. g. Modern Family is not allowed to make a joke about Santa Claus, the Easter Bunny, or the tooth fairy not existing because a young person watching the show who believed they existed could end up being very upset. An example of this is from an episode from season 1 when Cameron and Mitchell take their adopted daughter Lilly to go an see Santa Claus at the local mall. The reason all types of ? lm media have these ratings, is to protect the viewer from seeing something they might not want to see. Values and Attitudes Re? ected Through Characters In mainstream media, there seems to be different views on gay marriage, but it seems to be slightly more in favour of accepting the life choices made by these people. In Modern Family, there is a gay couple called Cameron and Mitchell. The way that they positively re? ect the values and attitudes of society is the fact that they are very open about being gay. Another way it is positively re? ected is through the other main characters. They all seem to be very accepting even the Patriarch of the family Jay Pritchett, he accepts his sons choice even though he is uncomfortable with it. In one of the early episodes of season 2, the couple shared a kiss which pleased the audience. Ultimately, then, the show re? ects the experiences and insecurities of its creators and assumed audience, middleclass, middle-aged straight white men. Also in its Pilot episode, Cam and Mitch announce to the family that they have adopted a baby from Vietnam and the whole family (Including Mictchell? s homophobic father Jay) are very accepting of their choice. It reassures them that being tolerant is as good as being inclusive and that heterosexual white families with shrill stay-at-home wives are the norm. Its exploration of the pressures of feminine ideals is considerably less sympathetic meaning that Phil? s wife Claire Dunphy is arguably the least likable character, and story lines have included three women getting their period at the same time and going crazy, and ? ery Latina Gloria needing to be chaperoned because her pregnancy brain makes her too forgetful to function. Modern Family is one of very few to feature main characters who are gay (one of whom is played by a character who is actually gay outside of the production) and people of color, and it shows Cam and Mitch to be caring, capable parents. t challenges some of the values and attitudes which are evident, and the fact that Modern Family presents this unit in such a non-threatening way may be the key to its acceptance. Impact On Society Jesse Tyler Ferguson (Casted as Mitchell Pritchett) said that Modern Family might be doing a lot to change the views on gay marriage. The actor said he has had several people approach him and remark how the show has had an impact their lives and their views. Its impossible to measure how wide the impact is, but the fact that even one person changed their mind says a lot about the depth of the show. Modern Family is hardly the ? rst show to feature gay characters. However, it is one of the ? rst that doesnt really make an issue out of it. In fact, it is easy to forget that Cameron and Mitchell are a gay couple. There are no political statements or agendas. They are just two people living their lives. The fact that it has affected the views of other people indicates that it is a very important show. It takes something special to alter the mindset of an individual. This show ? ts the bill. They keep doing what they do. Modern Family shouldnt try to change the world. However, if they change a few minds while carrying on as normal then there is nothing wrong with that. Modern Family has also made people who watch the show feel better about themselves because viewers now know that there own family isn? t the only family who has troubles. It is happening all around them. This helps us to understand that Modern family is one of the most realistic television sitcoms going around at the moment. Conclusion It is quite evident that Modern family has had an impact on todays society in a positive way along with providing the viewers with plenty of laughs along the way. For people to want watch a program and understand some of the meaning it constructs, then the show must appeal to the viewer in the ? rst place, and Modern Family does this by creating a storyline that most people can generally relate to. Once people become immersed in the show they start to pick up some of the stereotypes that are evident, e. g. Gay couple, loud South Americans etc. Because we relate with the characters, we feel inclined to display the same values and attitudes that the characters do which is respecting people even if they? re gay or of a different nationality. This leads to its impact on society which is without a doubt a positive one. Perhaps Modern Family is changing the views towards gay marriage and it is better that they? re doing it in a way where people can watch a television program that people can enjoy, but also learn from it. It is amazing to consider how successful a TV show can be due to the controls and constraints it faces, and Modern Family perfects it.

The Sociat Costs and Benefits of a Fast Food Industry Essay -- Papers

The Sociat Costs and Benefits of a Fast Food Industry There are many social benefits to a fast food industry. Firstly, it’s the accessibility and convenience of having the fast food restaurants – they’re located practically everywhere. The service is also fast, hence â€Å"fast food† and therefore maximizing the convenience of them to consumers. Most of the time, the products of the fast food industry are cheap, tasty and therefore have good value for the product. The existence of so many fast food restaurants also means lots of play areas for children (as there are very few playgrounds in most places, the some industries such as McDonalds have playgrounds) and also social areas to â€Å"hang out† in, for young adults. The existence of these industries also benefits the government (as they provide lots of employment opportunities to local people and thus reduce any unemployment problems). As well as providing jobs into their business, they also provide jobs into other businesses related to them. For example as the fast food industry increases the suppliers increase and expand and therefore they create more jobs for other people. As well as this, the expansion of the fast food industry also means increase in taxes which help the economy and government. The fast food industry may also sponsor local charities or sports teams, which benefits society. However, there are also many social costs in the existence of the fast food industry. These costs include health, choice and culture costs. Health-wise, the existence of the fast food industry means the existence of deep-fried, salty and ultimately unhealthy food. Many people don’... ... certain areas. Culture is also being affected badly by the expansion of the fast food industry. There’s the globalization issue. The fast food industry expands worldwide which damages local restaurants and national culture – as the restaurants with local traditions are being driven out. One example of this is McDonald’s golden arc versus the Christian cross. It has been proven that the golden arc is recognized more often than t he Christian cross. By comparing the social benefits and the social costs of the existence of the fast food industry, it can be seen clearly that social costs outweigh the social benefits of the fast food industry. It is shown that the community suffers much more than it benefits from fast food restaurants. Therefore society is worst off with the existence of the fast food industry.

History Of IBM :: essays research papers fc

IBM- International Business Machines Corporation History: Though the building blocks of IBM reach back into the mid 1880’s, the company was officially founded in 1911 when Charles F. Flint engineered the merger of Hollerith's Tabulating Machine Company, Computing Scale Company of America and International Time Recording Company. The agreed upon name was Computing- Tabulating- Recording Company or C-T-R. C-T-R soon found itself struggling do to over diversification of its product. In 1914 Thomas J. Watson, Sr. was brought in to help homogenize the company. He succeeded to turn the company around in just 11 months and redirected its focus to producing large-scale, custom-built tabulating solutions for businesses and left the rest of their former endeavors to the competition. Over the next four years, with Watson at the helm, the company’s revenues doubled and expanded operations to Europe, South America, Asia, and Australia.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Over the next decade C-T-R continued to innovate in their industry and bought out addition companies and patents. This additional growth of the company made the old name too limited for their ambitious pursuits and in 1924 they formally changed the name over to International Business Machines Corporation or IBM.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the Great Depression IBM was able to continue to grow and innovate even when demand for their products began to drop. Because of their build op of data processing machines IBM won the governments social security act contract in 1935 and became responsible for keeping track of 26 million people, essentially ensuring a strong future for the company for at least the next decade.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the 1940’s IBM with a joint effort from Harvard University completed the first ever Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, also called the Mark I. In the 1950’s IBM’s computers became smaller and more practical for business applications such as billing, payroll and inventory control. In the 1960’s Thomas J. Watson, Jr took over control of the company from his father and directed into a new more consumer friendly environment. IBM was the first computing company to sell computers without software bundled into the package, this move would spawn the multi-billion dollar software industry that exist today, of which IBM is still an industry leader.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the 1970’s and 80’s IBM worked to get the computer smaller and more convenient for the household format. Floppy disks were introduced to the public market as personal self storage devices. IBM also developed the first Intranet in the mid 80’s and created the foundations for what would later become the internet.

Group Communication Memo Essay

The current management team has prepared this memo to assist you in your new position with the company. We understand that you have limited experience in group formation and communication, and these skills will prove vital in your new position. We would like to share some fundamental information on group learning and communication along with experiences we have encountered collectively. Combine this information with your own group learning experiences and you will increase your success with the organization. In our organization we work with others in teams to complete tasks and solve issues that might arise. On occasion it will be necessary to ask people to be part of the group or to form a new group to address topics and issues. This will help you in understanding how teams come together and work as one unit. When people are asked to form a group, the first stage they experience is the forming stage. In this stage people come together and expectations and the purpose of the group is clouded in uncertainty. No one is really considered the leader of the group at this point. Behavior is greatly observed between team members to determine what is acceptable. This stage will be relatively short because soon the group will begin to function and devise ideas and suggestion for attacking the problem or task. Storming is the next stage the team will experience. This stage does cause some conflict within the team because there is no real chosen leader. In this stage the members of the team will accept the group and start to function within the team. However, the members of the team will show some resistance because groups or teams limit individuality and require unity to work efficiently. Within a short period of time there will be a leadership established with in the group and the members of the team will follow the chosen spokesperson. The third subsequent step in the group development process is the norming stage when the group begins to solidify. At this point the group will have established some acceptable standards of behaviors or â€Å"norms†. Once the group has established these norms, certain barriers can be eliminated. Groups can now focus more on collectively carrying out goals and less on establishing parameters for the group. These norms will now establish expectations of group behavior. At this point in the process, group structure has been established and accepted, and the group may begin focusing on performing which is the fourth step in group development. This is the point of action where organizational goals are carried out and performance is evaluated. From personal group experience we agree that during this stage it is imperative that groups have the tools necessary to complete their tasks. If teams are not distracted by trivial conflicts that can be easily remedied, then they will be able to maintain creativity and focus. The fifth and final step in group development is the adjourning stage. Depending on the purpose of the group and time span of the group, this stage will vary. Some groups form for the purpose of completing short-term tasks, while others carry out long-term initiatives. Regardless of the time frame, groups should be commended on their areas of success and constructively identify areas that need improvement. It is our experience that different individuals can be grouped together on several different tasks. If the adjourning stage is handled properly, these individuals will carry a good attitude and level of camaraderie into their next group project. (Daynette’s part discussing barriers of communication insert here) As you can see there are many barriers that face group communication, however, there are always ways to overcome those barriers. One barrier that is easy to overcome is premature evaluation of ideas. We believe the best way of overcoming this is by using the nominal-group technique. This technique does not utilize verbal idea sharing but rather every group member brainstorms and writes down their ideas, then goes around and shares them. By proceeding this way it stops anyone from ridiculing an idea and lets everyone’s ideas be heard so no one feels like they had a dumb idea and stops sharing with the group. You want to create a climate of freedom, by having more ideas in the open, the better chance you have of getting the best conclusion. Another barrier previously mentioned was poor physical surrounding. The best way to overcome this is to find a meeting location that works well for everyone. Make sure it is quiet like in a library, not in an apartment with noisy roommates or younger brothers and sisters. Make sure there are lots of lights, comfy chairs, and plenty of table space to work on the project. If you are uncomfortable you will be thinking about that the whole time instead of focusing on the group problem at hand. A third barrier to group communication was there being too many people. By having too many people, this makes the group less creative by not having every group member able to share their ideas. This can also cause social loafing where some members sit back and let everyone else do the work while they still get the credit. A good way to overcome this is by splitting the larger group into smaller groups and by either giving them the same topic to see all the different ways each group comes up with or splitting the topics if there is a lot to get done. This works well because you can draw in group members who are less talkative or shy in large group settings, thus creating more ideas. Another barrier is always not having enough time. No matter how far ahead you plan on any project there never seems like there is enough time to complete it. It is known that it takes a group a lot longer to work on a project than it does an individual because you have to comply with the group norms and rules. Here the only real thing you can do is to make sure you get down to business and split up the group work as soon as possible so that each member can get started. Also, make sure to finish everything a few days ahead so that way if someone is running behind you all have time to go back and fix any issues or to make sure it is all complete on time. Lastly, â€Å"stinking thinking† should try to be avoided when evaluating ideas. Try not to jump on other people’s ideas when they come up with them and wait till they are all heard. Use positive enforcement like â€Å"great idea but let’s here all of the other ideas first then we can go back and look at each one.† With every barrier that comes up there is always a better way to overcome it so that it doesn’t offend another group member. Remember teams only work well if all participants are on the same page. We have provided you with these tools and experiences for you to draw from when needed. When starting a new team or group it may be beneficial for all team members to review this memo prior to starting a new project. This will allow the team to start to understand why conflicts may arise and where to start in resolving these conflicts. We have great confidence in your ability to be a great leader and look forward to the success that your team will provide for our company in the future.

Whats the Best Food to Eat Before a Test

Whats the Best Food to Eat Before a Test Proper nutrition is important, and doubly so on important days like when you take a test. Keeping up your energy during the exam is crucial to your success. Ever had one of those times when youre staring at the sheet and are just drawing a blank, even though you know for sure youve studied this? It might be because you didnt pay proper attention to what you ate, and it resulted in your blood sugar flatlining at the worst moment. Heres a little guide on how to avoid it happening again. Eat Light the Night Before If youre cramming the night before a test (like any proper student would), it might be hard not to get pizza as a way of rewarding yourself. You should consider putting off that reward until you actually write the test, though. Its best to wake up hungry and not with that pregnant feeling everyone gets when eating right before going to bed. Drink Water First thing you should do for energy is drink water. Americans, as a whole, dont drink enough liquids, if you discount for sugary drinks. A glass of cold water on an empty stomach is a great way to start the day and boost your metabolism – which means youll have more energy throughout the day. Eat Your Vitamins Starting your day right means getting all the vitamins your body is going to need throughout the day. Consider, at the least, fish oil and a vitamin B supplement. Fish oil is great for energy boosting, as well as increasing metabolism and clearing up skin, and without sufficient B12, your body is not going to have proper energy reserves, and thats just two of them. Getting a blood test from your doctor will tell you better what daily supplements you should be taking. Caffeine and Energy Drinks Unless youre a total, complete addict, youll want to go without coffee and especially energy drinks. Drinking them gives an energy boost, but the crash or comedown is not worth it, especially if it happens while youre taking your test. If you absolutely cannot start the day without a beverage to bolster your energy, try green tea. It has lower amounts of caffeine, but does have anti-oxidants that coffee lacks. Eat Breakfast The most important meal of the day. If youre one of those people who doesnt have their first meal until lunchtime, you should think about having a proper breakfast. This will provide you with the energy boost you get from coffee, and sustain you until you have lunch. Since breakfast is the most vital meal of the day, you should be all that choosier with what you eat. Try and avoid sugary cereals. Yes, theyre pretty much the best, and you might say, why even wake up if I cant have my sugar fix right away? The same reason as coffee: sugar, as well as all carbs, gets you going fast, and you crash just as hard. Its the thing that metabolizes the fastest, so it wont sustain you for very long, and, as has been said above, were trying to avoid that crash. Instead of Lucky Charms, try something thats high in fat and protein. Eggs with hummus, for instance. Some sort of lean meat, like grass-fed beef or salmon is also a great way to start the day. Try it with some avocado for those healthy omega acids, and eat it on an English muffin to avoid being completely boring with your food choices. If youre a vegan, try mixing quinoa or chickpeas with some spinach or kale, add some nuts, and dress with vinegar for a morning salad. Whatever youre eating on exam day, be conscious of how long its going to sustain you for. You know your body best, and if you know a Red Bull in the morning and a Red Bull before the test is going to get you through it, then, by all means, indulge. Keep in mind, though, youre not going to be 20 forever, and at some point youre going to have to think about how healthy the choices youre making are. Until then, have fun.

Charles Dickens Portray Deprivation Essay Example

Charles Dickens Portray Deprivation Essay Example Charles Dickens Portray Deprivation Essay Charles Dickens Portray Deprivation Essay Oliver once again is not helped by the introduction of another workhouse employee Mr. Bumble. His first impression shows him as a violent, cruel and sadistic man when he kicks down the gate leading to the workhouse. He is shown as a extremely selfish man who is full of own importance and cares for only himself and his money. Mr. Bumbles evil personality is revealed when he makes a cruel joke the number of infant deaths in the workhouse. He is a large, well fed plump person who in comparison to the small and fragile Oliver is enormous. Mr.Bumble is a bully, this is demonstrated by the way he grasps his cane and uses firm words with Mrs. Mann. When speaking eloquently he makes obvious mistakes, when speaking with Mrs. Mann he pronounces aware as aweer. Oliver is eventually offered accompanied by five pounds to the first half decent person to walk into the workhouse. Mr. Gamfield the local chimney sweep went for Oliver and the five pounds. The board refused to give Oliver to him as Mr. Gamfield had a negative track record, he had taken orphans before and they had died under his care. Dickens made it obvious that Mr. Gamfield wanted Oliver for all of the wrong reasons. He only wanted Oliver as a personal slave and to labour for him as he small enough to get up the chimneys, the five pounds also helped to convince him to enter the workhouse Mr. Gamfield like many other adults in his life was cruel and violent We can see this with his donkey he catches hold of the bridal and gives the jay a sharp wrench. The gentleman in the white waistcoat also had no sympathy or care for the orphans. This is demonstrated when jokes, his board neednt come very expensive, for he hasnt been overfed since he was born. Ha! Ha! Ha! He also doesnt want to part with his money, when Mr. Gamfield wants to take on Oliver as an apprentice he tries to give as little money as possible for taking the child. After Mr. Gamfield was denied Oliver as his apprentice Mr. Sowerberry, the parish undertaker, takes Oliver on as his apprentice to dig graves. Oliver has absolutely no say in the matter he is actually told that if he complains about the situation he will suffer dire consequences. Mrs. Sowerberry is concerned that Oliver is only small and his appetite is large, she complains that to make the boy grow strong by eating their food. Mrs. Sowerberry abuses Oliver by feeding him the leftovers, not her leftovers but the leftovers that even the dog wouldnt eat. After eating his food Oliver is shown to where he will be sleeping, Mrs. Sowerberry shows him to bed which is under the counter in the undertakers shop. He is told that he has no option but to sleep with the coffins.

Camus essays

Camus essays In two of his greatest works, "The Stranger," and "The Myth of Sisyphus," Albert Camus exposes his readers to the existentialistic parts of philosophy. The existentialism within his works shapes his characters, by determining how they will act and respond to what is going on around them. However, due to the existentialism, the character stands out in a way unique to the characters in that work. Meursault, the protagonist in "The Stranger," is an insensitive individual. He shows no feelings towards anyone throughout the novel. It is this lack of feeling that strongly reflects the philosophy of existentialism. Meursault does not feel any sensations a normal human would have with members of the opposite sex, nor does anything important seem to interest him. This lack of feeling, Meursault does realize it is a problem, for he states himself, "I explained to him, however, that my nature was that my physical needs often got in the way of my feelings.(pg 65)" Meursault also sees no reason f or change in his life. When his boss asked him whether he would like to move to Paris, Meursault responded that "people never change their lives, that in any case one life was as good as another and that I wasnt dissatisfied with mine here at all." Another good example would be after Mamams funeral, Meursault says that, "It occurred to me that anyway one more Sunday was over, that Maman was buried now, that I was going back to work, and that, really, nothing had changed." Meursault is very content with his current life. He is always happy due to the fact that he has no other feelings, so he doesnt have anything to compare to. When the priest asks Meursault if he would like a different life, his response was that he would like one that would be exactly the same as this current one. Work, a home, and a girl is what Meursault has, and he feels nothing more is needed. Sisyphus, from "The Myth of Sisyphus," is a very practical person. He is ver...

Violence against Women in War is an Extension of Domestic Violence Essay

Violence against Women in War is an Extension of Domestic Violence - Essay Example Before such acts of rape, assault and physical violence against women occur during wars and conflicts, the same must have happened domestically, way before. Female genital mutilation forced marriages, forced and selective abortion, abandonment, gender discrimination in property inheritance, forced sex, rape and a series of other domestic abuses happen to women of different faiths, from different economic backgrounds, in almost all countries in the world, taking either of these forms or the other. Therefore, while such abuses, violence, and acts of aggression finds themselves into war and conflicts zones, it is because they have been happening under the cover of the domestic veil, only that wars and conflicts have created a better opportunity to accelerate and repeatedly commit the acts of violence, with no fear of legal consequences. More so, statistics have indicated that the servicemen, especially the military, operatives and combat personalities who have been involved in a series of operations in different regions of the world are more likely to attack, abuse or assault their intimate partners or children, while raping and assaulting the victims of conflicts and wars during their combat duties. Such occurrences are mostly contributed to, by the stress and substance use related consequences of the wars that such service men and combatants have been exposed to. The fundamental behavioral principle that connects domestic violence and violence against women in war is one, namely the overwhelming display of superior force, applied towards controlling and cowing the victims and putting them in a situation where they cannot express any resistance.

Learning Types Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Learning Types - Coursework Example Their learning is predominantly through what they see and can visualize. The teacher should therefore ensure he/she uses many demonstrations and also learning materials that are visually pleasant as well as striving as much as possible to make mental paintings and images. Auditory learners are active listeners by natures and tend to talk slowly while thinking a very linear manner. They prefer verbal explanations as opposed to written notes and as such they most favored method of learning involves listening actively and verbalizing. The teacher therefore needs to sound very good, have a meticulous lesson plan and deliver content through active organized conversations. Learners categorized as kinesthetic are typically extremely slow at talking and making decisions. They engage all their senses in the learning process and they learn better when trying and solving problems in real life. They therefore the hands-on approach to doing thinks and their learning is predominantly by trial and error. The teacher should be hands on at demonstrating, use case solution discussions and engage them practically in tackling problems. In conclusion therefore classroom learning and teaching is a complex process requiring the teacher to have a concise understanding of his class. There are different types of learners in the same classroom requiring different types of skills and therefore by knowing this the teacher is better placed to employ the best teaching strategies that involve all the learner types in the process without favoring a particular learning

Death of a Salesman Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Death of a Salesman - Assignment Example Willy was consistent on his belief that the key to success is being well appreciated by others. He regrets how he led his life at the age of sixty and wished that he would have better earn money rather than caring about sentiments. (BookRags Book Notes. (2000-2009) Â  All his life, Willy made sure that he passed his own key to success to his sons: Happy and Biff. Biff was the eldest son and Willy tried hard to ensure he follows his father’s key to success in the business world. But Willy’s teachings were a failure for Biff as he couldn’t continue in the business world. He could not live up to his father’s expectations as reality was far harsher than his father made them believe. His life began to deteriorate. He is more liked by his father as he left the business world because he could not follow orders from others and Willy taught him to steal which was the reason for him to get caught now and then in the business arena. He works on the farmland and ranches. Biff knew his father has been lying to him the entire life and want to expose the lies, but Willy won’t let that happen. They would argue and fight whenever Biff gets home and subsequently Biff decided to leave home for good. The financial conditions of family worsened as Biff was incapable of holding a 9-5 job. (Wade Bradford) Â  The younger son Happy was ignored throughout Willy’s life. He kept assuring his parents that he will get married and will go far in business. But the reality is that he never does and is also a failure. Willy acted in front of his sons that he was a reputable, important, valued and victorious salesman so that his family love and envy him.

Cameron Mackintosh and Megamusical Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Cameron Mackintosh and Megamusical - Essay Example The paper begins with a brief introduction of the great figure. It attempts to elucidate the nature and specific characteristics of a megamusical and proceeds to present a detailed overview on the subject shedding light on international trends in megamusicals and the role played by the critics' reviews and the scholarly courses in its development. Then specific role and tremendous effort of Cameron mackintosh has been brought to light and in the end a brief summary of his remarkable achievements is presented. Mackintosh, Cameron born was a British theatrical producer who oversaw the era of the international "megamusical" in the 1980s and 1990s, becoming the world's most prominent and powerful impresario. Mackintosh was born on Oct. 17, 1946, in Enfield, Middlesex, England, to Ian Mackintosh, a Scottish timber merchant and jazz trumpeter, and Maltese-born Diana Tonna Mackintosh, who had been actor Nigel Patrick's secretary when the couple met in Italy during World War II. Eight-year-old Mackintosh was taken to see a production of the musical Salad Days, after which he demanded to speak to the author, Julian Slade, who gave him a backstage tour and instilled in the boy a fascination with theatrical production. Mackintosh studied stage management at the Central School of Speech and Drama in London but left after one year. He became a stagehand at London's Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, cleaning the auditorium after performances to earn extra money. His first West End presentation, a 1969 revival of Anything Goes, failed. In 1976, however, his production of the musical revue Side by Side by Sondheim ran 781 performances in London before transferring to Broadway, his first stateside effort. (Lawson, 1999) Before we move further to discuss his journey with the development of Megamusical, it is preferable to present a detailed overview of the overall development of the megamusical and combine Mackintosh's role along with it. Megamusical: An Overview Sternfeld (2006) explains in detail that the term may appear to be comical, like many other neologisms, but to describe the content in this paper it may be most precise and accurate. This term Megamusical actually refers to the type of musical genre which today is the prominent compulsion on the Broadway and got attention in the decades of the 1970's and 1980's. This paper doesn't use this word for the first time, as in the 1980's it began to appear on the New York Times. By different reviewers and journalists, the tag was sometimes selected sarcastically and has originated its way into theater analysis and olden times. There exist a number of synonyms such as extravaganza, blockbuster musical and spectacle show, however, the most accurate is the megamusical. The surroundings of the show and the show itself are the aspects that differentiate a megamusical from a common musical. The most prominent of the genres of the megamusical in the 1980's were the sports style as sports were of significance in those days, however, over the years it has evolved into other flourishing genres. However, a sturdy constancy materializes as an assembly, but a megamusical doesn't demonstrate all of the characteristics of the

Education as Ideological Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Education as Ideological Management - Essay Example Succeeding minority groups had the same problem with inequality, wherein the pervading culture of white, Protestant and Anglo-Saxon continued to view Native Americans, Asian Americans, Latinos, and other minority groups a threat to the dominant ideology. While the past was characterized by blatant policies of racism and inequality, the current period is an era where the question of self-awareness and self-examination of where ideological biases could be examined. It is not as much as American education deliberately perpetuates racism but in the way ideology is carried unconsciously, spreading biases and prejudice even to those who are themselves considered minorities. For example, colored people may unconsciously imbibe the cultural and ideological biases of the dominant cultural group, thereby undermining their very sense of identity. Culture has a pervasive impact on the educational system, embedded not in just the way teachers teach, but in the systemic practices.

Cameron Mackintosh and Megamusical Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Cameron Mackintosh and Megamusical - Essay Example The paper begins with a brief introduction of the great figure. It attempts to elucidate the nature and specific characteristics of a megamusical and proceeds to present a detailed overview on the subject shedding light on international trends in megamusicals and the role played by the critics' reviews and the scholarly courses in its development. Then specific role and tremendous effort of Cameron mackintosh has been brought to light and in the end a brief summary of his remarkable achievements is presented. Mackintosh, Cameron born was a British theatrical producer who oversaw the era of the international "megamusical" in the 1980s and 1990s, becoming the world's most prominent and powerful impresario. Mackintosh was born on Oct. 17, 1946, in Enfield, Middlesex, England, to Ian Mackintosh, a Scottish timber merchant and jazz trumpeter, and Maltese-born Diana Tonna Mackintosh, who had been actor Nigel Patrick's secretary when the couple met in Italy during World War II. Eight-year-old Mackintosh was taken to see a production of the musical Salad Days, after which he demanded to speak to the author, Julian Slade, who gave him a backstage tour and instilled in the boy a fascination with theatrical production. Mackintosh studied stage management at the Central School of Speech and Drama in London but left after one year. He became a stagehand at London's Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, cleaning the auditorium after performances to earn extra money. His first West End presentation, a 1969 revival of Anything Goes, failed. In 1976, however, his production of the musical revue Side by Side by Sondheim ran 781 performances in London before transferring to Broadway, his first stateside effort. (Lawson, 1999) Before we move further to discuss his journey with the development of Megamusical, it is preferable to present a detailed overview of the overall development of the megamusical and combine Mackintosh's role along with it. Megamusical: An Overview Sternfeld (2006) explains in detail that the term may appear to be comical, like many other neologisms, but to describe the content in this paper it may be most precise and accurate. This term Megamusical actually refers to the type of musical genre which today is the prominent compulsion on the Broadway and got attention in the decades of the 1970's and 1980's. This paper doesn't use this word for the first time, as in the 1980's it began to appear on the New York Times. By different reviewers and journalists, the tag was sometimes selected sarcastically and has originated its way into theater analysis and olden times. There exist a number of synonyms such as extravaganza, blockbuster musical and spectacle show, however, the most accurate is the megamusical. The surroundings of the show and the show itself are the aspects that differentiate a megamusical from a common musical. The most prominent of the genres of the megamusical in the 1980's were the sports style as sports were of significance in those days, however, over the years it has evolved into other flourishing genres. However, a sturdy constancy materializes as an assembly, but a megamusical doesn't demonstrate all of the characteristics of the

Philosophy of Karl Marx Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Philosophy of Karl Marx - Essay Example Requisite for Marx's conclusions is first an explanation of human nature itself. The nature of a living being is first broken down into two understandings. The first understanding is of the individual being itself, on its own. This focuses on what kind of species the being actually is, whether it is a tree, ant, bird, or a human being, and what physical attributes and needs that being needs to fulfill its own existence. This need to fulfill physical and material needs and advance existence is what Marx ultimately means when he discusses production, whether on the microcosm level of a man or animal preparing food for its survival or on the macrocosm of the political economy of a society. Therefore, the mode of production is what Marx means by what needs are to be taken care of, predicated on conditional material circumstances, and how such needs are achieved through the distribution of labors and what is exchanged for such labor. The other elemental understanding of the nature of a living being is how it advances its existence and species, or essentially how it procreates future generations. In the plant and animal kingdoms, this could merely be the sexual reproduction and procreation of offspring, or ants providing a colony for future generations of ants. In the macrocosm, this means the evolution of economic production within a society. The physical needs and attributes are the modes of production for the individual itself, and reproduction is the mode of production in whichever community or society the individual belongs. Man is a social animal in Marxist theory, which is an extension or interpretation of Aristotle's infamous axiom that man is a political animal. Whether man is a "political" or a "social" animals depends on how broadly or narrowly the two terms are interpreted, defined and overlap. But politics is in itself a social function: therefore, man is at least a social being. This part of human nature necessitates further understanding of humanity's existence. To understand man requires understanding of human societies and communities. How a society, or aggregation or community, is maintained and advanced through the production of the individuals that constitute it, and how the individuals are maintained and advanced depend on the general production of the society as a whole. Essentially, the individuals in a society contribute to it through their production or work, while simultaneously the individual's own substance is determined by the conditions of the society as an aggregate whole. The s ocial nature of man is the framework to the construction of a society. Also essential in human nature is its ability to not to be constrained by nature, that is the creation and innovation of technology. Man can thus employ nature and "add stature to themselves" in its mode of production. The advances in technology ultimately influence the course of human history and its mode of social production. Social production is essentially the aggregate total production of the entire society, and how the individuals in that society produce and how society itself influences such individual productions. Prior to civilization and defined civil societies in recorded history, man was primarily a hunter-gatherer society where

Wars of German Unification Essay Example for Free

Wars of German Unification Essay On January 18, 1871, Otto Von Bismarck was able to create the German Empire by unifying a number of independent states under one nation. This was also known as the unification of Germany. However, it order to build the German nation, three wars had been fought; the Prusso-Danish War in 1864, the Austro-Prussian War in 1866 and Franco-Prussian War from 1870 up to 1871. Although these wars were declared by the opponents of Germany, Germans believed that need a united and strong nation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Prusso-Danish War also known as the Second Schleswig War took place in 1864 in which Denmark fought against the Prussia and Austria. The war was fought in order to take control of the duchies by the time the Danish king died without a heir that is accepted by the confederation of Germany. It was because of the existence of conflicting political system within the state as well as ethnic controversy in Schleswig that brought this war. The second war that was fought by Germany is the Austro-Prussian War or the Seven Weeks War that was fought in 1866. The war was between the Austrian empire and Prussia together with Italy. German states were also part of the war taking different sides. Northern German states were unified as a result of the war. Bismarck was encouraged to go to war because of the advantages being enjoyed by the Prussian army over the Austrian empire and by that time, the Prussian army was developing, giving it the advantage in the war for it can provide the army with things that it needs to win. The Prussian king also decided to go on war although he was reluctant; it was William 1st who made the war possible. The third war of German unification was the Franco-Prussian War or the Franco-German War that took place on July 1870 up to May 1871 between Prussia and France and also signalled the rise of imperialism and of German military power. It can be said that it was Bismarck who is the reason for the declaration of the Franco-German War. It was â€Å"Ems dispatch†, the communication between Bismarck and King William, published by Bismarck that inflamed the French feeling and later declaring the war. The war was intended by Bismarck to unify the states of Southern Germany. These three wars had been fought in order to unify Germany and gave birth to the German Empire. Reference KMLA. (13, January 2008). Bismarck’s unification of Germany. Retrieved January 27, 2008   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   from http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/germany/bismarck.html.

Environmental Factors for International Marketing

Environmental Factors for International Marketing A Key Challenge For International Marketers Is To Develop A Good Understanding Of The International Business Environment. Identify The Key Environmental Factors That Are Of Importance To The Success Of International Marketing And Discuss Their Impacts On International Marketing Decisions. 1. Introduction Due to technological advances and rapid economic growth, the level of world trade has increased considerably over the last four decades. Merchandise exports, for instance, grew from a value of $160 billion in 1963 to almost $16,000 billion in 2008 (WTO, 2009). Motivated by the many rewards and opportunities international exchange offers, more and more countries and companies have become largely involved in international marketing. However, the implications entailed in this â€Å"process of planning and conducting transactions across national borders† are rather different to those companies usually have to face when conducting domestic marketing (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007, p.4). Differences in cultures, economic conditions, and governmental systems amongst countries mean that the marketing activities of companies taking their operations outside national borders are affected by a new series of environmental factors. In order to be successful at international marketing, it is vit al that marketers attain a thorough understanding of these factors as they impact the international business environment and take them into account when carrying out decisions on marketing activities (Hollensen, 2007). Consequently, this essay aims to identify both these fundamental environmental factors and the effects they have on the international marketers decision making. The essay will firstly consider the factors that derive from culture, such as language and religion. Secondly, the economical elements that influence the international business environment will be examined. Finally, the essay will take into consideration legal and political factors. 2. Cultural Environment According to Hofstede (1980), culture is â€Å"the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from another†. Given that culture affects consumers behaviour, understanding cultural dissimilarities is crucial for the success of international marketing (Usunier Lee, 2009). Hall (1976) states that there are high context cultures, such as the Japanese one, where the context is equally as important as the words used, and low context cultures, such as the North American one, where communication is often solely conveyed in words. Companies need to be aware of and adapt their marketing concepts to these differences as otherwise it can easily lead to misinterpretations in communication. They need to take into account the element of language which consists of a verbal (the words used and how they are spoken) and a non-verbal part (e.g. gestures and eye contact). The challenge for them is to attain both a thorough understanding of the language in terms of its technicality and the context in which it is used (Hollensen, 2007). In Japan, for example, IBM changed the classification number of its series 44 computer as the pronunciation for the word four is similar to the word death (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007). A further important source of culture is religion. Marketers need to be aware of the differences between the main types of religion as well as the variations within them (Hollensen, 2007). In Hinduism, for example, peoples capacity of consumption is determined by their status. Companies need to take this into account when making planning their marketing strategy. Also, as the main holidays are linked to religion marketers need to consider when they take place when planning marketing programs. The exchange of Christmas gifts, for example, occurs on 6th December in the Netherlands, whereas in other countries they are opened on 24th or 25th December (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007). Also, companies need to take into account the values and attitudes of countries. The more these shared beliefs or group norms are embedded into the culture the more care companies have to take when implementing marketing activities (Blackwell et al., 2005). Societies that place a high value on tradition are more reluctant to change and may perceive foreign companies with scepticism (Hollensen, 2007). In Japan, for example, many bureaucrats feel that the consumption of foreign products is disloyal to their country (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007). Another element of culture is aesthetics which determines what people find appropriate and what not. This can differ considerably from one culture to another meaning that marketers need to be aware of them and adapt their marketing concepts accordingly (Usunier Lee, 2009). Henkels FA soap, for example, modified its advertisement spot for the North American market by having the model wear a bathing suit instead of being naked, as in the ad for the European market (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007). Furthermore, it is important that managers understand the different manners and customs of countries (Usunier Lee, 2009). General Foods orange juice Tang, for example, is marketed as a breakfast drink in the United States, whereas in France it is positioned as a refreshment as there is no habit in drinking orange juice at breakfast (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007). There is also the element of education that needs to be taken into account. When designing products or services, for example, companies need to be aware of the level of intelligence of the consumer so they can adapt the complexity of the product or the service to the user (Hollensen, 2007). According to Dallas (1995), the best way for companies to overcome these cultural obstacles is to embrace the local culture. They need to take a localised approach by adjusting products to the markets, building relationships with locals and employing them. This allows marketers to gain information and experience at firsthand, attain an in-depth understanding of what influence consumer behaviour in the market, and cooperate efficiently with employees, the government, and other local partners (Usunier Lee, 2009). This would also allow companies to avoid accusations of cultural imperialism, which happens when marketing approaches are seen as too radical. McDonalds and Coca-Cola, for example, have been accused of forcing American standpoints into other cultures and consequently had to deal with boycotts from consumers (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007). 3. Economic Environment International marketers equally need to be aware of economic factors when undertaking marketing decisions (Hollensen, 2007). Population figures provide a basic indication of the attractiveness of the market in terms of size and potential growth by looking at life expectancy, age distribution and population growth. They allow marketers to identify the segments and the geographical areas they should target (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007). Low population growth rates, for example, usually characterise highly economically developed countries with good disposal income (Bradley, 1999). Also, income levels need to be taken into account as they provide an indication of the purchasing power of the market and allow companies to adapt their marketing concepts accordingly (Hollensen, 2007). A packaged goods company, for example, brought out a more economic version of its product in countries that have lower income levels by using cheaper raw materials. Nonetheless, marketers should not greatly rely on this indicator as there are certain types of products that because of the high value they create for the consumer are not affected by income levels. In China, for example, due to being a good upgrade for bicycles and a cheap alternative for cars, sales of motorcycles are high in the country despite the fact that the price of the product represents a high proportion of salary (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007). Besides, marketers need to consider consumption pattern which allow them to identify the proportion of income that consumers spend on necessities, including food and rent, and consequently the proportion that is left to spend on less important areas of consumption, such as household goods and leisure (Bradley, 1999; Hollensen, 2007). Given that purchases in these areas can be cancelled or postponed unexpectedly, companies can determine the level of confidence in the market (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007). Another important economical element is inflation as it strongly affects consumers buying habits and ability to buy. In markets with high inflation rates companies need to modify their product making it less expensive to produce so that they can lower their prices to respond to customer needs and sustain demand (Hollensen, 2007). In addition, marketers need to consider the availability and quality of local infrastructure. Transportation, communication, and energy networks have an important effect on the companys functions. They also provide an indication for the demand of industrial products and services (Bradley, 1999; Hollensen, 2007). The fact that two billion people live without electricity and that the access to a telephone is very limited in Asia, for example, informs industrial products and services companies that there are important marketing opportunities for them there (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007). Furthermore, companies need to consider regional economic integrations as they can create both opportunities and benefits, and threats and problems for them. The European Union, for example, provides many benefits to companies operating within Europe, such as economies of scale thanks to the large single market. For non-EU companies, however, this integration may create problems (Hollensen, 2007). With the aim of protecting European farmers, for example, the EU has now and again imposed restrictions on the inflow of certain agricultural goods from the U.S. (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007). A thorough understanding of these factors allows companies to obtain a good assessment of the market and reduces the possibility of implementing marketing concepts that could have disastrous results (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007). 4. Political And Legal Environment The political and legal environment of the companys home country, its host country and the general international environment also has important effects on the marketing activities of international companies (Hollensen, 2007). The politics and regulations of the companys home country can determine its opportunities outside national borders (Hollensen, 2007). One of the main types of regulation that international marketers need to be aware of are embargoes and sanctions which are used to distort the free flow of trade. They need to know where they are applicable and take them into account when planning marketing activities so that they do not breach them and face subsequent sanctions (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007). Governments also employ export and import control systems. Export controls prevent or delay companies from selling their products in certain countries whilst import controls are used to protect and stimulate the domestic market. Marketers need to take them into account so they know where the company can do business and where it can obtain its supply from. Finally, governments may induct special measures to ensure that their companies behave in a correct manner in the international business environme nt. One of the major areas concerned is boycott, which is when companies reject to conduct business with someone (Hollensen, 2007). The governments control in this area can force companies to decide whether to stop transactions and lose profit or to continue trading and pay charges. The Arab nations, for example, have blacklisted a number of companies who conduct business with Israel. In response, the United States imposed several laws to prevent U.S. companies from complying with the Arab boycott as it has political ties with Israel. Companies may lose out to firms whose home country does not employ such measures (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007). Nonetheless, according to Czinkota and Ronkainen (2007), it is best to avoid adopting inappropriate behaviour as it may lead to damages to the companys reputation, boycotts by consumers and cancellation of transactions. This might cost the company more money than it gained through adopting such behaviour. Companies are also affected by the legal and political environment of the host country. Marketers firstly need to determine the level of political risk, i.e. the likelihood of political changes that could adversely affect the company, by looking at the host countrys government, its political actions and its stability (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007). U.S. companies, for example, who are a major target for terrorist attacks because of their home countrys actions and capitalistic image, need to particularly take into account the stability of the host country (Harvey, 1993). Marketers also need to be aware of the actions of the host countrys government. Price controls, for example, which are used by the government to respond to inflation, can put international companies into a difficult situation where it has to decide whether to stop their operations or to carry on in the hope that the controls will be changed and they can regain the sacrificed profits (Frank, 1984). Companies also need to be familiar with the laws of the host country and the restraints they place on their operations. In France, Canada, Brazil, and Indonesia, for example, there are laws that restrict imports of U.S. entertainment to protect and preserve their cultural industries (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007). However there are also laws that are aimed at assisting companies with their international operations, e.g. subsidies (Hollensen, 2007). Shortages of regulations can also create problems for companies, e.g. the lack of intellectual property rights in China (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007). Therefore, companies need to attain a good understanding of how the countrys legal and political systems work to reduce the impact of the problems they cause. By undertaking in-depth research on the countrys history, culture and political setting before entering it allows companies to avoid making investments that could have disastrous outcomes. An in-depth knowledge of the country would also allow the company to anti cipate, plan and adapt into the local community. Hiring locally, undertaking local charity work and joint ventures with local businesses show the government that the company cares about the local community and does not just see it as an object it can exploit. This reduces the amount of interference by the government giving the company more freedom in its operations (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007; Hollensen, 2007). Marketers must also consider the overall international business environment. Relations between countries and governments have important effects on the operations of international companies. The U.S. governments differences with South Africa, for example, forced U.S. companies to leave their operations in the country. Relations between home and host countries are governed by bilateral agreements, as well as by multilateral ones between sets of countries (Hollensen, 2007). Marketers need to continuously monitor the international political environment keeping up to date with political affairs so that they can anticipate changes and plan and modify their marketing strategy accordingly. In terms of the legal environment, managers need to be aware of certain laws and treaties which because of the respect they receive from many countries have a strong influence on the way companies operate (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007). The World Trade Organization, for example, gives an outline on the behavi our that it finds acceptable from its member states (WTO, 2010). 5. Conclusion International marketers are faced with quite many and quite a range of factors in the international business environment that can have profound effects on their marketing activities. They need to be aware of the main sources of culture, such as religion, language, education, values and attitudes, aesthetics, and customs and manners. Given that they are embedded into societies and individuals it is necessary for companies to adapt their marketing activities to the market and not force a different standpoint on the consumer. International marketers also need to consider economical factors, such as population, income, inflation, economic integrations and infrastructure. They allow them to assess the attractiveness of the market and identify the segments and the geographical areas they should target. This reduces the risk of investing money in marketing activities in markets that are unprofitable. Finally, companies need to take into account the legal and political factors affecting the home country, the host country, as well as the overall international business environment. They need to be aware of the different governments, their political actions, their stability, and their relation with other countries, and constantly monitor them by keeping up to date with economic affairs around the world. This allows them to determine the level of political risk so that they can anticipate and plan for threats and take advantage of opportunities political changes offer them. 6. Bibliography Blackwell, R. D., Miniard, P. W. and Engel, J. F. (2000). Consumer Behaviour. London: Thomson-South Western Bradley, F. (1999). International Marketing Strategy. London: Prentice Hall. Czinkota, M.R. and Ronkainen, I.A. (2007). International Marketing. London: Thomson-South Western. Dallas, S. (15 May 1995). Rule no. 1: Dont diss the locals. Business Week [online]. Available from: http://www.businessweek.com/archives/1995/b342416.arc.htm [Accessed 10 February 2010]. Frank, V. H. (1984). Living with price control aboard. Harvard Business Review, Vol. 62, March-April, 137-142. Hall, E. T. (1976). Beyond Culture. Doubleday: Anchor Press. Harvey, M. G. (1993). A survey of corporate programs for managing terrorist threats. Journal of International Business Studies [online]. Vol. 24, No. 3, 465-478. Available from: JSTOR [Accessed 19 January 2010]. Hollensen, S. (2007). Global Marketing: A Decision-Oriented Approach. London: Prentice Hall. Usunier, J. C. (2009). Marketing Across Cultures. London: Prentice Hall. WTO (2009). International Trade Statistics 2009. WTO. Available from: http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/its2009_e/its2009_e.pdf [Accessed 19 January 2010]. WTO (2010). Understanding the WTO. WTO. Available from: http://www.wto.org [Accessed 10 February 2010]. Short Course in International Marketing Blunders : Marketing Mistakes Made by Companies that Should Have Known Better (3rd Edition)

Group Dynamics in 12 Angry Men Essay -- Movie, Film, Twelve Angry Men

In the 1957 classic 12 Angry Men, group dynamics are portrayed through a jury deliberation. Group dynamics is concerned with the structure and functioning of groups as well as the different types of roles each character plays. In the film, twelve men are brought together in a room to decide whether a boy is guilty of killing his father. The personality conflicts, the joint effort and the functioning of several minds together to search for the truth are just a few characteristics of group dynamics at work. The whole spectrum of humanity is represented in this movie, from the bigotry of Juror No.10 to the coldly analytical No.4. Whether they brought good or bad qualities to the jury room, they all affected the outcome. At the outset, eleven jurors vote in favor of convicting the accused without even discussing a single shred of the evidence presented at the trial. When a group becomes too confident and fails to think realistically about its task, groupthink can occur. Since it takes a longer time to communicate and reach a consensus in a group, decision making in a group is time-consuming. Therefore, when groups want to achieve a quick decision, as several jurors were eager to do, they make riskier decisions than individuals. Since not any individual is completely accountable for the decision, members will have a tendency to accept more extreme solutions. Only one brave juror refused to vote guilty. Juror #8 refused to fall into the groupthink trap and ultimately saved an innocent man's life. He openly admits that he does not know whether the accused is guilty or innocent and that he finds it necessary to simply talk about the case. What follows is not only a discussion of the particular facts of t he case, but also an intense ex... ...quires looking at matters objectively, analyzing the evidence, and coming to a fair conclusion. And even if the juror's personal baggage was not checked at the door, the shift into positive group dynamics allowed the jury members to overcome interpersonal conflicts and prejudices to reach consensus on the innocence of an alleged murderer. Bibliography 1. Kolb, David A., and Joyce S. Osland and Irwin Mr. Rubin. Organizational Behavior: An Experiential Approach. 6th edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1995 Pages 98-100 2. Sarah Trenholm. Thinking Through Communication: An Introduction To The Study Of Human Communication. 2nd edition. Allyn and Bacon: A Viacom Company, 1995 Pages 196 - 205 3. Damian Cannon, a review by. '12 Angry Men (1957)' Copyright Movie Reviews UK 1997 4. Steve Rhodes, a review by. '12 Angry Men (1957)' Copyright 1997 Steve Rhodes

The History of the Criminal Justice System in America Essay -- essays

The History of the Criminal Justice System in America The criminal justice system has been evolving since the first colonists came to America. At first, the colonists used a criminal justice system that mirrored those in England, France, and Holland. Slowly the French and Dutch influences faded away leaving what was considered the English common law system. The common law system was nothing more than a set of rules used to solve problems within the communities. This system was not based on laws or codes, but simply that of previous decisions handed down by judges. Although rudimentary, this common law system did make the distinction between misdemeanors and the more serious crimes known as felonies. As the colonies grew so did the criminal justice system. The colonists expa...

Workplace and Employee Motivation

In recent years, the topic of workplace and employee motivation has emerged as a significant concern for both employers and management personnel. An analysis of such strategies at a Target Retail Store provides an example of how such motivational strategies affect the company†s sales, profits, workplace morale, and future. One of the most important issues at a Target Retail Store is the timely method and manner of placing and displaying the merchandise on the sales floor before the store actually opens to the public at 8:00 a. m. This must be effectively done with limited resources and staff. As a result, management must be able to appropriately and effectively motivate all staff employees and improve performance and employees† resistance to increasing productivity. This paper will examine the organizational efforts of Target Retail Stores in this area, and identify and analyze two motivational theories not currently in practice by Target. It will also apply the chosen motivational theories to management and discuss their impact and offer possible solutions that could have been implemented before employee motivation became an issue. In order to eliminate the time it normally took to neatly present merchandise on the sales floor, Target implemented a program that would effectively eliminate unnecessary packaging (EDA†s Waste Reduction Update, 2005). The results of this was the elimination of approximately 1. 5 million pounds of waste, an estimated saved $4. 5 million through packaging reduction, and the implementation of a more efficient method of merchandise distribution (EDA†s Waste Reduction Update, 2005). This led to an easier and more efficient merchandise placement in preparation for store opening every morning. Before the program†s implementation, Target†s management team observed both the amount of waste from packaging and the time workers spent opening and unwrapping shipments (EDA†s Waste Reduction Update, 2005). The team found that a great deal of labor was expended tearing apart packaging from merchandise. For example, one typical clothing shipment contained 20 individually wrapped sweaters. The sweaters had to be unwrapped before they could be displayed in the store. The team ultimately determined that an entire shipment of 20 sweaters could be safely shipped in just one outside wrapper (EDA†s Waste Reduction Update, 2005). The total reduction in packaging for the Target merchandise resulted in an estimated $3 million savings to the vendor for the reduced packaging material used in shipments (EDA†s Waste Reduction Update, 2005). To see whether the merchandise would arrive at the store in good condition, the Target Team asked its vendors to test its packaging reduction idea. After several shipments of clothing arrived unwrinkled and presentable, the team decided to change Target's packaging specifications to the vendor (EDA†s Waste Reduction Update, 2005). Target's current goal is to ship floor-ready apparel and minimize excess packaging; floor-ready means that the merchandise requires minimal preparation before being displayed on the sales floor (EDA†s Waste Reduction Update, 2005). As a result of an easier and more effective process, employee motivation in this area has been boosted. Although this method has increased efficiency, there are other methods that can still be implemented to increase employee motivation and productivity. One such theory of employee motivation is called motivation theory, which seeks to explain all kinds of motivated behavior in different situations, including behavior in organizations. Compensation administration is an application of motivation theory (Mitchell, 1992). Since the majority of behavior is sense motivated, individuals are greatly influenced by their environment. Thus, organizations can influence people†s behavior by changing environments and rewards. The best known theory of motivation in this area is Maslow†s theory of human motivation, which centers on the theory of â€Å"physiological needs (Maslow, 1943). As related to the theory of human motivation all people have a need or desire for a stable, formally based, high evaluation of themselves, for self respect, self esteem, and respect from others (Maslow, 1943). By firmly based self-esteem, Maslow†s theory was that which is based upon real capacity, achievement and respect from others. However, motivation is not the sole determinant of behavior. Ability and knowledge of what one is supposed to do combine with motivation in determining behavior in organizations. Also, an organization†s tasks vary in their requirements. Thus motivation can make little or much difference in performance, depending on the task. Another related motivational theory that could be applied to the Target Retail Store scenario is what is termed â€Å"content theory. † Content or arousal theories center on needs or drives. Several physiological and social needs have been identified and studied. A need for competence in mastering the environment is supposedly aroused when individuals are faced with new, challenging situations; it dissipates after mastery (McLelland, 1976). Closely related are curiosity or activity needs: people need and enjoy a stimulating environment, but they differ on this need and become adapted to certain levels of stimulation. A need for power has been suggested as a requirement for success in organizations. Effective managers may have a high need for power (McLelland, 1976). One problem with predicting behavior from individual needs is that people seem to have differing degrees of needs at different times of their lives (Maslow, 1943). An evaluation of the motivation theories based on needs probably focus on their limitations. Empirical studies have provided only modest support for them, and the proportion of the variance in performance explained has been low (McGregor, 1960). If Target was to follow Maslow†s theory of motivation, the organization could influence its employees† behavior by changing environments and rewards. This means that a reward based type of program could be implemented that would encourage employees to participate as a result of the possibility to receiving a bonus or reward. Since motivation theory is based on the fact that all people have a need or desire for a stable, formally based, high evaluation of themselves, management could use evaluations and other encouraging measures to increase self esteem, and respect from others in the workplace, thus enhancing employee motivation. Following a content needs based approach, Target management could implement an incentive program based on needs or drives. The management team could study different physiological and social needs as related to customer service and retail and implement a program based on the results of their study. A content-based approach consisting of a contest could assist the employees in mastering any new, challenging situations that may arise in their workday. Since content theory is also based on the need for a stimulating environment, target could conduct stimulating team meetings and outings that would be interesting and motivate the employees that way. Finally, research indicates that employee motivation is directly related to the success of any organization. In order to be effective, the management at Target would greatly benefit from the implementation of any of the programs and theories discussed above. This implementation would further enhance their continued success in the retail industry.

Understand Child and Young Peoples Development

3. 1/3. 1 Explain how to monitor children and young people’s development using different methods: Monitoring children and young people’s development using different methods such as an observation, where I would watch the child closely in different contexts depending on which area I was observing e. g. social development I would observe outside in the play area or in group activity. I would write up notes of what the child is doing, how they are interacting with others, their capability within the pre-school and then from this I would be able to tell their ability within the age range and if help was needed I would then put in a referral or organise a development plan. Communicating with the parent/career is also a great way of learning about the child as they may do things at home which they may not be confident in doing in the pre-school. All records and feedback found/used would be shared with the parent/career about the findings if any. Always remembering, to take into account their culture/EAL, and any issues with these. 3. 1/3. 2 Explain the reasons why children and young people’s development may not follow the expected pattern: There are many reasons that a child/person may not follow their expected development pattern – Emotional/social: They may not have the confidence, may prefer their own company which means their personal space is very important to them. Who and where they are socialising. Physical/mental abuse: If a child witnesses or experiences this, it could affect their how they value/control their own emotional feelings. Culture: There are many things they can and can’t do due to culture beliefs, poverty, not enough money, poor health, lack of resources or facilities or just lack of UTW. Disability: If they are unable to use certain parts of their body. Not having the facilities/resources available to them. Environment: If they do not associate or live around in a multi culture area they might not understand their environmental needs. 3. 1/3. 3 Explain how disability may affect development: If a child has a physical development they may not develop in their gross motor skills as quick as others. They may have a lack in motivation in participating which will impact on their development as they will not pay attention. If they do not have the correct resources/equipment then they will not develop as they will not have the help which may be required. They may be subject to discrimination or prejudice for this they may be treated different from the other children. They may not have the ability to learn, communicate or understand. There are many different types of learning disabilities from small to large problems that may affect their whole life.

Supply Chain Management Issues in Boeing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Supply Chain Management Issues in Boeing - Essay Example This has also put all other stakeholders into serious problems. This paper presents an analysis of the supply chain of Boeing in the context of various facets of the management of the supply chain by the company. In response to A 380 airliner from its arch rival Boeing Corporation embarked on the manufacture of 'Boeing787 Dreamliner' a light weight model with seating capacity of 210 to 296 passengers. "The 787 Dreamliner is a family of new airplanes that promises to bring big-jet comfort and economics to the mid-size market. The Boeing 787 incorporates advanced materials, systems and engines to provide a 20% improvement in fuel performance on a per-passenger basis. The 787-8 Dreamliner will carry 210 to 250 passengers about 7,650 to 8,200 nautical miles and the 787-9 will carry 250 to 290 passengers about 8,000 to 8,500 nautical miles (Boeing Commercial Aerospace). The first delivery was scheduled for May 2008 which now has been pushed as far as the second quarter of 2009. With firm orders worth $ 144 billion the company has found serious issues with its global supply chain as a result of which the company has postponed the delivery of the airliner a number of times causing serious concerns to the major airlines that have placed orders with Boeing for this aircrafts. The production process of making the new aircraft with new light weight composite materials in itself is a challenge for the company. In addition the company has made drastic changes in its supply chain which eventually has hit the progress in the manufacture and delivery of Dreamliner. The way in which the company has organized its supply chain for 787 manufacturing has put a complicated way in which the supply chain partnering firms share risks and profits from the airliner. This implies that the financial burden will be put up and down on the firms in the chain as every company would like to protect their own financial interest. This would necessarily result in chaos in the short-term and considerable delays in the completion of the manufacture of the product which will make everyone in the line suffer. The real issue is Boeing attempted to use what appears to be an automotive product like production pr ocess in which all the parts and components in a pre-fabricated form are brought the assembly line. This has necessitated sections of the aircraft to be flown out of far off locations in Japan, Italy, South Carolina and Kansas to be assembled in Washington within a short time of as much as three days. Apart from this there are various other supply chain issues being faced by the company which are explored by this paper. Boeing and Supplier Quality Management Manufacture of Boeing 787 Dreamliner represents a complete shift in the manufacturing philosophy of Boeing Corporation as the company

Final proof for doc sum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Final proof for doc sum - Essay Example express God’s essential nature.1 This doctrinal summary is a brief overview of the doctrine of the Trinity; God’s nature, perfections, and attributes; and, God’s Decree. The doctrine of the Trinity can be described as, God existing in one essence, with three persons or members of the same substance. At the same time, there is no division of the substance; each member is identical in deity and substance. The Triune God of the Bible exists in one essence with three distinct members of the Godhead: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Each member of the Godhead is the same in substance; however, throughout dispensational periods of the Bible, specific distinctions of members of the Godhead were seen to accomplish God’s will. Christian doctrine of the Trinity did not emerge from the philosophical speculation about God.2 Simple logic and reasoning play no role in the Trinity doctrine. Scriptures in the Bible teach the Trinity implicitly. This summary will show a brief overview of monotheistic elements in Trinitarian belief. Furthermore, Scriptures referring to the three members of the Godhead, as well as their individual distinctions will be discussed. Monotheism or unity is the foundation of the trinity doctrine. Deuteronomy 6:4, â€Å"Hear, O Israel: The LORD our God, the LORD is one† known as the ‘shema’ thereby rules out any belief in polytheism, because during this time many worshiped multiple so called Gods. However, in the New Testament, we see evidence of the three members implicitly in Scripture: (1 Peter 1:2), â€Å"who have chosen according to the foreknowledge of the Father, through the Sanctifying work of the Spirit, for the obedience to Jesus Christ and the sprinkling by his blood.†3 This particular Scripture shows the three members of the Godhead. The Trinity is a perfect union, with balance of authority and love without imperfections. We will now investigate some of God’s attributes/ perfections. Understanding the basic concept of the Trinity

Reflexive Managers in Contemporary Organisations Term Paper

Reflexive Managers in Contemporary Organisations - Term Paper Example Every manager has to realize that there is dual responsibility associated with this position as the individual has to both accomplish the organizational objectives and provide guidance to the subordinates in giving their best efforts. Moreover, the managers have to perform their self-assessment to review their own set of competencies and make sure that they possess the proficiencies required for assisting the subordinates or employees in contributing effectively within the enterprises (Cunliffe, 2013). In order to provide appropriate resources to the managers, the theorists of the organizational management field have stressed the need for utilizing the reflection process within their job responsibilities. In the present era, everyone has to act as a reflexive individual who continuously and critically thinks about the way an action is taken by the person. This analysis will allow the individual to assess the act from various perspectives so that he/she can review the perception held by the person and how others will perceive it (Bradbury, 2010; Gunia et al., 2012). Also, most of the contemporary organizations are supporting the designing and implementation of the training programs for the management positions in which managers are given adequate training for becoming the reflexive practitioners or reflexive managers (Broussine & Ahmed, 2013). The overall aim of such training sessions is to develop the critical thinking and self-assessment techniques in the managers so that they can reflect upon their own course of actions and be assured that a positive, complying and appropriate perception is created in the minds of the subordinates (Bolton, 2010). Moreover, it is stated by Hibbert (2012) that reflexive manager is mandatory for the modern day organizations as the expert has to critically evaluate his/her own practices at three instances i.e. before, during and after the decision/action.