Definition of Deadrise Used in Shipbuilding

The Gang Activity Within Our Community Essay - 1443 Words

This paper discusses the gang activities in Grenville, NC. There are three main topics that include; 1) the history of gang activity. 2) Gang activity in today’s society. 3) Ways to eradicate gang activity within our community. To start what is the true definition of a gang and what is there purpose? A gang is an organized group of either friends or family with identifiable leadership claiming control over a community or territory. Gangs are driven by money, power, and opportunities to victimize enemies and the innocent to grow their criminal organization. Some anthropologists believe that the gang structure is one of the most ancient forms of human organization History behind Gang Activity Gangs originated in New York, during the late 18th century. They consisted of seven infamous groups: â€Å"The Forty Thieves, the Bowery Boys, the Dead Rabbits, the Daybreak boys, the Whyos, the Five Points Gang, and lastly the Eastman Gang. Gangs back then when originated was not for the use of criminal activity. Originally their sole purpose was to protect their neighborhood and were mostly common labors. Gangs formed the â€Å"basic unit of social life among the young males in New York in the nineteenth century. More dangerous gangs emerged during the earlier 1900s from the persistent disorder that gripped the city slums, tenements, saloons, and dance halls. However, African Americans history to gang activity differentiates from this timeline. African American gangs began forming inShow MoreRelatedGangs and Injunctions1330 Words   |  6 PagesGangs and Injunctions Criminal activities and gangs have mostly always been an on going problem in the United States. Gangs and gang members are frequently involved with a variety of different crimes. The 2008 National Youth Gang Survey reported that there are approximately 774,000 active gang members in the United States (Egley, Howell, Moore, 2010). The 2008 National Youth Gang Survey also states that there are about 27,900 active gangs in the United States (Egley et al., 2010). The activeRead MoreThe Social Problem Of Gangs948 Words   |  4 Pagesdefinition accurately describes the social problem that gangs are, and their impact on a community. People who live in gang infested neighborhoods live daily with fears of losing their lives and the lives of loved ones. That fear, along with the fear that their family members will join the gang, or that they will be physically harmed in some way by the gang. They may exhibit many emotional, psychological and physical problems that people who don’t l ive in gang infested neighborhoods do not. Since before theRead MoreThe Mission Of The Sdwcc Task Force Essay1426 Words   |  6 Pagesthe West Coast Crips gang by creating a renewed community confidence and enhanced quality of life through a three pronged prevention, intervention, and suppression strategy. We will educate community members on the negative impacts of gang participation and attractive alternatives for families, and in particular the youth, in a robust prevention effort. We will utilize law enforcement and other emerging resources, to engineer intervention solutions for those at risk of gang membership and those alreadyRead MoreEssay On Drug Control892 Words   |  4 Pagesand maintain the control within both facilities since both feeds criminals into each other. The gang activity is running rapid inside the facility and it doesn’t help that the President of the VBBC is currently incarcerated inside my detention center for violating his parole, and while he a waits trial, his intent is to strengthen his organization with new members. Knowing that new inmates are processed into the facility daily, and that they will quickly gravitate to gang organizations if they feelRead MoreEssay about Street Gangs in the United States1399 Words   |  6 PagesStreet gangs in this country can probably be traced back to the first wave of Europeans who migrated to the colonies for a better life for themselves and their families. Many of the first gangs were formed as a means of self protection, with the thinking that there is simply strength in numbers. The missions of gangs in today’s society have grown and emerged to include many violent criminal avenues, including drug trafficking, prostitution, money laundering, and extortion but the original thinkingRead MoreGang Violence And The United States1470 Words   |  6 PagesGangs have been a part of American culture in the United States since the early 19th century when immigrant youth organize d themselves into street gangs as a means of urban and economic survival. Today, gang violence has reached an almost catastrophic level in the United States. Criminal street gangs have become one of the most serious crime problems in California. Gang violence accounts for one of the largest personal threats to public safety for nearly all the cities in this state. Salinas, CaliforniaRead MoreLocal Crime Prevention Program1108 Words   |  4 PagesLocal Crime Prevention The name of the crime prevention program The name of the program is Open Door Youth Gang Alternatives. It is head quartered in Golden, Colorado. Their primary focus is to prevent at risk youth from joining gangs and educate the public about warnings signs for recruitment activity. (Our Programs, 2012) (Worrall, 2008) A description of the components of the program (i.e., the length of time to complete the program, who are the participants, who teaches the program, andRead MoreShould Street Gangs Be Considered Terrorist Organizations?1711 Words   |  7 PagesShould Street Gangs be Considered Terrorist Organizations? Terror, violence, and death are the common denominators in our society nowadays. Why? Because of street gang fights. Innocent people have been killed as a result of street gangs. These groups of criminals use violence against societies and band together for mutual protection and profit. Street gangs are gangsters controlling, attacking, and killing people on the streets, as a result, they are one of the biggest social problems around theRead MoreYoung People Join Gangs For Social And Economic Reasons Essay1431 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the authors of Gangs, Graffiti, and Violence, they state that young people join street gangs for social and economic reasons (Leet, 2000). However, one of the main factors young people join gangs is due to the lack of stability of being raised in an unstable family environment. For instance, gang members raised in a single parent home by their mother, usually in her early thirties, caring for three or four children at a time, on her own witho ut the presence of a male father figure. AsRead MoreGang s And Management Challenges Facing Corrections Essay1316 Words   |  6 PagesGang s in the Correctional Setting There are many supervisory and management challenges facing corrections, due to the proliferation of the gang problem, presently within our prisons today. It is critically important for upper management, in the correctional field, to be held as responsible stewards, of the all resources available to them to combat this problem. (Saint Leo University, 2016). These actions are necessary, to deter the increasing glut of criminal activities, which gang behavior inevitably

Organization Evaluation Free Essays

The organization that I will describe today is where I work, at Applause’s. Here we have a vertical structure that consists of the owner, general manager, four managers, and all employees directly below them. The owner has complete control and say over everything that goes on in the restaurant. We will write a custom essay sample on Organization Evaluation or any similar topic only for you Order Now The general manager receives information on how to run and operate from the owner and relay that information down to the four members of management directly below him. Their Jobs are to collect information from the general manager and use that to complete their tasks and engage the employees under them. Each member of management has their own crew that they run, create schedules for, and help when problems arise. There is the kitchen manager who runs the kitchen crew and oversees the kitchen employees schedules, the food prep, and cleaning. There is also the bar manager who creates bartender schedules and training, as well as liquor costs and control. The staff manager creates schedules for the hosts and servers, controls the flow of the seating and dining experience, and ensures that the customers are happy. Finally the fourth anger is the assistant manager who can help out all managers with their duties and has basically the same responsibilities as the others but without a direct pool of employees. If business gets poor he will be able to assist every area of the restaurant. This form of organization varies from a horizontal structure because, although there are several managers on one level and all employees on one level, all employees report to a separate manager who resolves any issues, problems, or conflicts. There is no confusion as to who to report to and information is kept organized and accurate because there is only one person to report to. A horizontal structure in my company would have several managers for each section of the restaurant. There would be two or more kitchen managers, staff managers, bar managers and assistant managers. Although the assistant manager helps out with everything in the restaurant, there is still only one manager for each area of the restaurant. Another form of organization would be a functional form of organization where the organizations â€Å"are specialized and grouped according to business unction’s and the skills they require: production, marketing, human resources, research and development, finance, accounting, and so forth† (Bateman Snell, 2011). The company I work for is similar to this form because all areas of the restaurant are separated into several areas where one person runs, maintains and regulates what goes on in that area. The only real downside of this type of organization is if it were in a very large company. Information and workloads may become too great for one person to handle. In this case, information can get lost and radioactivity can slow because of management becoming over worked. As the book states, â€Å"this type of structure may be most appropriate in smaller business settings and if the business becomes fragmented it may have difficulty bringing new products to customers and responding quickly to customer needs† (Bateman Snell, 2011). I do not feel like the marketing department has anything to do with how the company’s organizational structure because it is a chain restaurant. Therefore marketing is done at another location and does not interfere with how this branch is run. The name goes for the finance area, although they are pretty tight on the financial aspect so I feel like a vertical structure was chosen to save money. If they had a horizontal structure they would need to spend additional money on extra employees and or managers. Human resources’ is also an area I feel is not affecting how the structure of our branch is run. However operations do affect how the structure is set up. Our shifts and workload is directly affected by the business that comes in. If there is a lot of business we will all have plenty of shifts and be able to work enough to make accessory money. If business gets poor enough all employees will be cut and management will take over and do our Jobs. I always hear the managers’ talk about labor costs to sales and when sales are low people are asked to leave to save money. I think that by having a vertical structure the restaurant saves the most money because people and managers not only have one division of employees but are crossed trained in order to save money when needed. When looking at geographic, organizational, customer based, product, marketing channels, and personalization organizational design, these help determine which structure best suits the company I work for because we base the work we do (how much and for how long) entirely on sales and revenue that the company brings in. When you get into the human recourse and marketing area of the company the Jobs are stable and not reliant on sales. The organizational structure that we have is based off of customers. The larger part of the company would have maybe a horizontal structure when we get into marketing and there might be several managers controlling this rear because the demand for new food, advertisements, and ways to save money are a never-ending need which means that many brains are needed and that they will pay more people to work these Jobs which means the need creates the organizational structure of a horizontal structure. Because the actual restaurant is also customer based it means that based on sales, the structure is determined by the customer. If sales are high we can have more people on shift. If sales are low they have to ask people to leave and cut shifts so a vertical organization is ideal because each anger knows how to perform the employee tasks and can take over if necessary. Also by having a vertical organization the company is saving money on the restaurant level because they do not have to hire multiple people to do one Job. In the end the company I work for, on the restaurant level has adopted a vertical form of organization which I feel is the best option because it saves money by adapting to a customer needs based environment. One manager monitors and controls many employees. How to cite Organization Evaluation, Papers

Marketing Plan Sony Walkman Brand Free Sample

Question: Discuss about the Essay for Marketing Plan of Sony Walkman Brand. Answer: Introduction This paper describes the various aspects of the Tesla Motor Inc. The aim is to evaluate the entering strategy of the Tesla Motor in Australia market for 2016-2017. Tesla Motor marketing manager prepares the marketing plan to enter the Australian market for 2016-2017 through determine the external (macro), SWOT and marketing mix analysis of it. Marketing manager enter the Australina market with the promotional budget of US$1 billion for the estimated sales of 20000 units of Telsa vehicles. Marketing manager tried to fulfil the CEO aim to enter the Australian market for 2016-2017. Indeed, Tesla Motors is an international company that design, produce electronic vehicles and components. Tesla Motor is vehicle manufacturer selling zero-emission sports cars in production. It is also traded in NASDAQ stock exchange under the TSLA symbol. Tesla posted its profit first time in the during the first quarter of 2013. It produces equipment for home and installed a network of high-powered supercha rges across America and Asia. Elon Musk said that Tesla Motor is an independent automaker that goal offering electric cars at affordable prices to the consumer. (Birk, 2015). External analysis (Macro): The uncontrollable and external factor that affected the organization decision making and impact on performance strategies. It is an area, where company dont have any control that is called macro analysis. These factors involve political, economical, social, technology, environment and legal. It affected the changes in interest rates, competitors, changes in cultural tastes, government regulation and disastrous weather. Tesla marketing manager determines the macro analysis to enter in Australia for 2016-2017 that is described below: Political: It is the significant factor when Tesla introduced its vehicle in Australia market for the 2016-2017. Marketing manager of the Tesla Motors have to handle political uncertainity in Australia. They have to aware with the Australian political pattern to influence their business operations. Australia operates with the two party system, there voting is compulsory. A political certainity raises the trust of the consumer that affected the sales of it because it provide proper equipment and assurance about the vehicle part in the market. Malcolm Turnbull is the prime minister of the Australia provides certainity in the political perspective. He has a caliber to handle the all business stability that affected by the political uncertainity of the country. Tesla Motor needs to take permission from the Australian government to sales its vehicle in Australia. It is a crucial factor that affected the sales of it. (Russell, Cohn, 2012). Economical: Economic condition raises the cost of cars due to rise in fuel prices in the short period. The Australian GDP and inflation rate affected the purchasing power of the country people that is beneficial for the organization growth and development. So, marketing manager of the Tesla Motor should focus on the GDP and inflation that helps to raise the sales of the vehicle. It is the main goal of the Tesla Motor CEO. The purchasing power of the country affected the sales of the vehicle. So, the manager should evaluate it to grow their sales of the organization product. (Hitt, Ireland, Hoskisson, 2014). Social: Social is the significant factor in Tesla Motor that related to environment perspective. Consumers are losing trust in cost in production and gasoline fuel to help the environment. Marketing manager of the Tesla Motor to handle the social factor because it reduce the sales of the organization that would be negative of the initial starting in Australia market to sales the 20000 target unit. Social condition affected the human culture of the Australia because different people have a different idea and opinion about the organization. Society culture affected the buying behavior of the organization because it raises the sales of the Tesla Motor vehicle. (Vance, 2015). Technology: It is the significant factor that affected the sales of the Tesla Motor in Australia market because it provide advance varieties of vehicles that attract all generations of people. Technology has major effects on the automotive car industries. Technology advancement such as computerization of cars and introduction of fully electric cars allow automotive car driving and avoid accidents. These kinds of feature help to raise the sales of the Tesla Motor that is necessary for the completing the target of 20000 units vehicle. Technology is the necessary because it helps to satisfy the consumer needs or demands. (Williams, 2006). Environment: Environment changes lead to operations of the Tesla Motor vehicle product. It produces zero emission that attracts customers to become eco-friendly in the market. Australian environment affected the Tesla Motor vehicle sales in 2016-2017. It is challenging for the car producer to generate fuel-efficient and eco-friendly in the market. It is the significant factor of the organization that affected Tesla Motor business direct or indirectly. Country environment affected the buying behavior of the organization because it attracts consumer of it. Australia is fast growing country in the worldwide that have a high emission ratio that affected the sales of the Tesla Motor. (Birk, 2015). Legal: Tesla Motor is introducing energy loan programs on producing eco-friendly environment in the market. It is the significant factor of the organization that raise the sales of the Tesla Motor. Marketing manager of the Tesla Motor need to follow legal structure of the Australia government that affected the sales units of the vehicle. Tesla Motor has franchise laws in United States that doesnt allow the sell their cars to consumers. So, it is a major concern for the Tesla Motor that they have to solve this kind of issue in Australia market because it prohibited the sales of it. (Russell, Cohn, 2012). SWOT analysis: It is a technique that identified the strength, weakness, opportunity and threats of the Tesla Motor. SWOT is the basic model that helps to evaluate that what organization can or cant do in the market. It is the technique that takes information from the environment analysis and separate internal issues. Strength: The CEO Elon Musk founded organizations such as SpaceX and Paypal. Therefore, it has good track records that would be beneficial for Tesla Motor to grow in the competitive market and raise the sales of it. So, Elon Musk experience is the strength of it. Tesla Motor S model won the 2013 Trends car of the year award that is the strength of it. It is the supplier of car parts for Toyota that is the strength of it. It acquired strong investor partners in the current year such as Panasonic, Daimler and Google. It has a solid brand name that attracts the consumer of it. So, it will raise the sales of the Tesla vehicle. Marketing manager of the Tesla created an unique business model and innovative distribution sales that would be beneficial for the Australian market to sell 20000 units vehicle. (Pauline, 2012). Weakness: Elon Musk is working with SpaceX and Tesla Motor as CTO and CEO post that looks busy schedule that would be negative for the Tesla Motor growth and development. It is selling electric car that people doesnt trust on it. It launched Model-X that price is expensive as compared to other cars. It has long distribution time because if you order the car. Then, people will get car after one year time period that is not good in the current competitive market. It has the long depth portion in the financial statement that makes it vulnerable. It builds negative image the sales unit in Australian market in 2016-2017. It established in 2003 and he started to sales 20000 units in 2016-2017. Tesla Motor havent sufficient experience such as Toyota, Mazda and Fords that would be negative for the sale in Australia market in the 2016-2017. (Vance, 2015). Opportunity: Demand of this kind of vehicle is increasing day to day in the market that is the strength of it. It will help sales the 20000 units the Australian market. People will prefer electronic car due to short of oil and limited supply of the product that would affect the Australia market sales of the Tesla Motor product. Toyota and Daimler bought electric vehicle technology from Tesla Motor that raise the brand image of the Tesla Motor. It is beneficial for the organization growth and development. Australia is well developed country where people are concerned with the environment pollution of using carbon producing car that prefer environmental friendly cars. (Williams, 2006). Threat: Tesla Motor vehicles are expensive that would reduce the demand of it. So, it is main threats of Tesla Motor to raise the sales the Australian market. Constantly new auto manufacturer is launching the new product in the market that is harmful for the Tesla sales in Australia to achieve the sales target of 20000 units in 2016-2017. The Australian auto market has a lot of competitors that deliver superior quality as compare to Tesla Motor. Its not prefer by young generation people that is the significant threats of it. It has a lot of the competitors that are producing same kinds of vehicle in Australia that reduce the sales target of the Tesla Motor of 20000 units. (Pauline, 2012). Marketing mix: It evaluates the product, price, place and promotion strategy of the Tesla Motor in Australia market. It is the significant strategy to achieve the target sales of Tesla Motor in Australia. Product: It is the significant tools of the marketing mix that affected the consumer of the Australian market. Product features attract the consumer of the Australian market. It is the significant factor of the Tesla Motor that raise the sales of it. Tesla Motor delivers the varieties of the vehicle product in the Australia market to achieve the target sales of it. Different people attract with different features of the product. So, Tesla Motor should provide the products as per consumer needs or demands. Product variety helps to survive in the competitive market. So, marketing manager of the Tesla Motor should focus on it. (Leinwand, Mainardi, 2016). Price: Tesla Motor price attracts the customer of it. Tesla Motor price should be reasonable that affordable by the Australian customer. Tesla flagship vehicle price is $109000. It is the significant part of the organization that help to achieve the Tesla sales target in 2016-2017. Tesla Model S is very attractive in Australian markets that raise the sales of the Tesla Motor vehicle. It is the significant factor of the organization that affected the consumer buying interest in Australia. (Howe, 2014). Place: Marketing manager of the Tesla Motor should predict the regional market in Australia, where is high demand of particular vehicle that helps to achieve the sales of the 20000 units in 2016-2017. Place is the significant factor for the organization growth and development in the auto sector. Different people living in the different place that have different needs or demand that affected the business environment of the Tesla Motor. (Birk, 2015). Promotion: It is the significant factor that helps to survive in the competitive market of the Australia. Marketing manager of the Tesla Motor started promotion with US$1 billion estimated budget in Australian market. It is the American based international company that wants to sales 20000 units in 2016-2017 that can achieve by appropriate promotion strategy in Australia market. Promotion strategy is necessary for the Tesla Motor in Australia because they recently want to achieve sales target of 20000 units that is possible by the high promotion in the market because they are new in this market. So, people will notice the newly product of it. (Leinwand, Mainardi, 2016). Conclusion On the basis of above analysis, it can be concluded that clear macro, SWOT and marketing mix analysis as well as high ability to adopt the new approach of the Tesla Motor helps to achieve its competitive position in the market. Due to an unique marketing manager strategy, Tesla Motor is able to achieve its sales target of 20000 units in 2016-2017. Under guidance of experience CEO Elon Musk, marketing manager will achieve its target goal in Australia market with the estimated budget of US$1 billion. Tesla Motor is growing in Australian market due to healthy effort of CEO. References Baum, M., Hackstein, M., Mehling, M., (2012). Strategic Marketing: Assessment of why the Sony Walkman brand lost out to iPod in terms of its position and level of demand in the marketplace. USA: GRIN Verlag. Borowski, A, (2013). Adidas Marketing Strategy - An Overview. USA: GRIN Verlag. Birk, D., (2015). Evaluation of the Marketing Strategy of Tesla Motors Inc. USA: GRIN Verlag. Birk, D., (2015). Tesla Motors, Inc. Market Analysis and Definition. USA: GRIN Verlag. Blue, J., (2016). Strategic Analysis: Tesla Motors and "Powerwall. USA: Lulu.com. Doeden, M., (2015). SpaceX and Tesla Motors Engineer Elon Musk. USA: Lerner Publications. Hitt, M., A., Ireland, R., D., Hoskisson, R., E., (2014). Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases: Competitiveness and Globalization. USA: Cengage Learning. Leinwand, P., Mainardi, C., (2016). Strategy That Works: How Winning Companies Close the Strategy-to-Execution Gap. USA: Harvard Business Review Press. Howe, N., J., (2014). Owning Model S: The Definitive Guide to Buying and Owning the Tesla Model S. USA: Independent Publisher. Pauline, T., (2012). Elon Musk: Biography of the Mastermind Behind Paypal, SpaceX, and Tesla Motors: The life and times of Elon Musk in one convenient little book. USA: Hyperink. Pride, W., D., Ferrell, O., C., (2016). Foundations of Marketing. USA: Cengage Learning. Russell, J., Cohn, R., (2012). Tesla Motors. USA: Book on Demand. Snell, S., Bateman, T., (2014). Loose-Leaf Management: Leading Collaborating in the Competitive World. USA: McGraw-Hill Inc. Vance, A., (2015). Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future. USA: Harper Collins. Williams, C., (2006). MGMT. USA: Cengage Learning. Yuece, I., (2012). SWOT Analysis of McDonalds and Derivation of Appropriate Strategies. USA: GRIN Verlag.

Ballistics and forensic science free essay sample

The amount of damage a bullet has sustained upon hitting a hard surface can help determine approximately where the shooter was standing, what angle the gun was fired from, and when the gun was fired. Any residue on the bullet can be studied and compared to residue on the hand of a suspect, on the gun that was fired, or on any object that was close by when the firearm was used. This information helps researchers uncover the identity of the shooter. When the bullets are missing, the type of impact they made can lead Investigators to ascertain what kind of bullet the rimming used, and therefore the type of gun as well.Studying the markings found on a bullet or the Impact a bullet made on any surface can establish exactly which gun the criminal used. Every firearm produces a slightly different and unique pattern on the shell-casing It fires; the bullet will therefore imprint a distinct pattern upon anything It hits. We will write a custom essay sample on Ballistics and forensic science or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Once scientists have Identified these markings they can easily match them to the appropriate firearm. There are many experts deeply Involved In this study, and they are frequently called upon to help solve crimes.Ballistics details are also commonly Input Into a large database that can be accessed by law enforcement agencies all across the country. When someone enters new data, the computer locates any relevant data from previous Investigations. This Information can lead to the discovery of the owner of a particular weapon, and assist In tracking down the guilty party who fired the gun. Ballistics and forensic science By freshmen type of impact they made can lead investigators to ascertain what kind of bullet theStudying the markings found on a bullet or the impact a bullet made on any surface different and unique pattern on the shell-casing it fires; the bullet will therefore imprint a distinct pattern upon anything it hits. Once scientists have identified these There are many experts deeply involved in this study, and they are frequently called upon to help solve crimes. Ballistics details are also commonly input into a large previous investigations.

Aravind Eye Hospital Essay Example

Aravind Eye Hospital Essay Example Aravind Eye Hospital Essay Aravind Eye Hospital Essay * What is Aravind’s mission? How successful is Aravind at achieving its mission? The mission is to bring eyesight to the masses of poor people in India, Asia, Africa and all over the world. To provide quality care as a non-profit eye hospital. To spread the Aravind model and offer hope in all parts of the world. Aravind has grown from a 20-bed hospital in 1976 to 1224 beds in 1992 as one of the biggest hospitals of its kind in the world. The Aravind organization consisted of main hospitals that charged for fees, free hospitals, eye camps, IOL factories with sponsors and volunteer organizations from all over the world. * What are the key factors that have led to Aravind’s success? What has Dr. V’s role been in creating that success? What challenges does Aravind currently face? * Key factors: Dr. V was inspired by Mahatman Gandhi and philosopher Swami Aurobindo, dedication through professional lives to serve humanity and God * Dr. V’s spiritual belief and committed to the mission of the hospital * Dr. V inspired his family and professionals to push the mind and body to its highest effort levels, worked twice as hard for half of the salary. * Dr.V has been the driving force behind the hospital * 90% of annual budget is self-generated, 10% from sources around the world, such as Royal Commonwealth Society for the Blind (UK) and the SEVA Foundation (USA). * Expend all surplus on modernizing and updating equipment and facilities with the generosity support from local business community * Spiritual approach sustaining the mission at Aravind * Challenges: franchising the model and spreading it around the world. * What type of customers do the free and paying hospitals serve? What are the similarities and differences in the service and care provided at the free and paying hospitals? Free Hospitals: * Outpatient facilities were not as organized, crowded and cramped rooms * Poorer patients, more commotion, longer wait * ICCE type surgeries, not as well equipped * No beds to recuperate and recover, 6 x 3 bamboo/coir mat spread out on the floor as a bed and small sized pillow. 20-30 patients with self-contained bathroom facilities * Detailed records were kept of all post-operative complications, such as iritis Paying Hospitals: * Patients paid for the services, Rs 500 to Rs 1000. With IOL implant total cost Rs 1500 to 2500 * Operation rooms were conducted in an efficient manner, well-paced, routine way The customers at the free hospitals are poorer compared to the paying hospital * What issues does Dr. V. face in achieving his goal of â€Å"mass-marketing† cataract surgery throughout India and to the other parts of the world? What recommendations would you make to Dr. V. to help him achieve his goal? * India has the second largest population after China, with 20 million blind eyes and another 2 million added annually. With the per-capita income Rs 6800 who couldn’t afford private treatment, $200 million would be required to overcome the blindness problem just in the country. * Despite the effort in eye camps and surgery camps in remote areas, villagers are not responsive to treatment due to various reasons, such as fear of surgery, can’t afford food and transportation. Lack of organizational skills, creating propaganda, organizing logistics. Recommendations: * I would recommend that putting a protocol in place by establishing step by step procedures and instructions. Assign a training sector for building eye camps, surgery camps, sponsors and volunteer groups. Regulations and rules must be applied to all areas in order to provide standards and consistencies in quality eye care. Well run group such as the Dindigul group can assist other camps and lead the initiative. To reach the general audience and promote the Aravind mission through public media, such as TV, internet and newspaper or publications in remote areas. * Establish brand recognition as a marketing tool for the Aravind group and present the mission with the brand signature. As you prepare the case for discussion, please consider the following: Business Model and Financial Analysis: How central is cataract surgery to Aravind’s â€Å"business†? What percent of all procedures at Aravind are for cataracts? (Exhibit 5) * 850 million population in 1991, second highest after China * 20 million blind eyes, another 2 million being added annually * Cataract was the main cause in 75-80% of the cases * Annual per-capita income was Rs 6800 ($275) over 70% below the Rs 2500 ($100) poverty line * 800 ophthalmologists performed nearly 1. 2 million cataract operations/year * 42000 eye hospital beds, free eye care and cataract surgery to people who couldn’t afford private treatment * 30% of cataract surgeries were performed in government sector * 40% for a fee, 30% free of cost by volunteer groups and NGOs * Allocation of Rs. 60 million ($2 million) annually for blindness prevention programs * $200 million would be required to overcome country’s blindness problem * Cataract was the major cause of blindness in developing countries, 75% of all cases in Asia. 80% were age-related, over 45 years age group * By 1992, the hospital group had screened 3. 65 million patients and performed 335000 cataract operations, 70% free of cost * What is Aravind’s gross margin? What does this mean? How much financial flexibility does this give them? (Exhibit 6) * Net surplus $18319363, 52% * Cash flow and marginal issues, not financially sufficient at Tirunelveli How does Aravind finance its operations? How sustainable is this financing model? * 90% of annual budget is self-generated, 10% from sources like Royal Commonwealth Society for the Blind in UK and SEVA Foundation in USA. What are Aravind’s biggest expenses? How well does Aravind manage its costs? * The three highest expenses: Stipends and staff salaries, IOL and Camps. The total expenditures are 48% which is still profitable for the Aravind to maintain the mission. Which of Aravind’s costs are variable and which are fixed? * fixed costs (for salaried labor, buildings, and equipment) * Variable costs (for medication and supplies) Operations: How efficient is Aravind (in % terms versus â€Å"industry standards†) at performing cataracts surgery? (Hint: look for information that will tell you how fast Aravind performs procedures versus the standard, and/or how many operations per doctor, or operations per bed, they perform versus the national average. ) Aravind had performed around 335000 cataract surgeries, 150 operations performed in 6 hours at the eye camp. 70% were free of cost for the poorest of India’s blind population What are the occupancy rates at the various facilities for free patients and paying patients? The occupancy rate for paying patients is 58% at the various facilities and for the free patients is 88%. How important is Aravind in terms of the number of cataract surgeries it performs each year? (in relation to the total number of cataract surgeries performed in India each year? i. e. what is Aravind’s â€Å"market share†? (exhibit 5 and page 3) 41013 cataract surgeries were performed vs. total 1. 2 million cataract operations performed in India. 40% were performed in the private sector for a fee, 30% in the government sector free cost to the patients, and remaining 30% were performed free of cost by volunteer groups and NGOs. Aravind in the 30% of the market share. How are its satellite hospitals at Tirunelveli and Theni doing? How are its eye camps performing? What problems, if any, exist, and why? The satellite hospitals are managed by Dr V’s sister, brother and close families. Some fundamental management problems exist due to cash flow issues. At Tirunelveli, they were unable to re-pay the cost-of-capital. The physical design are improved and the free section’s exam rooms are more spacious than at Madurai. Operating room capacity is better utilized with a central surgical facility, yet Tirunelveli is still not financially self-sufficient. Attracting quality people may become an issue due to the fast expansion. Training is provided on site and recruited by the hospital. Common challenges for eye camps: organizational skills, creating propagandas, organizing the logistics. Lack of consistency on principles and procedures. The Dindigul camp was well run and organized with trained teachers and involved sponsors. Marketing: Aravind divides its customers into paying and nonpaying. What does it promise to each? Quality eye care is delivered to both sections. At the non paying section, the outpatient facilities are not as organized, more crowded and cramped. Longer wait due to the number of patients. No beds to recuperate and recover, but a 6’ x 3’ bamboo mat in a large room and self-contained bathroom facilities. At the paying section, the operation rooms are conducted in an efficient and well paced, routine manner. Detailed record are kept on all patients in both areas. IOL implants are offered for paying patients due to cost. How does Aravind differentiate its marketing plan to its different types of customers? For each, consider: communications, pricing, type of service and delivery of service. Transportation and food are provided for poor patients in the eye camp, with free counsel offered to the patients. Eye camps are sponsored by local business enterprise or social service organization. Public announcement, pamphlets and advertisement were distributed 1-3 weeks in advance. What proportion of Aravind’s patients are paying versus non-paying? (Exhibit 5)? What is the trend in terms of the proportion of free vs. paid? Are free patients an increasing or decreasing percentage of total patients? (Hint – use #’s from exhibits 4 and 5) 38% of the surgeries are performed for the paying patients vs. 62% for free patients. There is a 1% increase in 1991 for paying patients, and a slight decrease of 0. 5% in non paying patients. Free patients are a decreasing trend comparing 1991 to 1990 but overall trending is still on the rise throughout the years. 40% of the patients are paying vs. 60% are non-paying. Organizational Behavior: How has Dr. V’s leadership style contributed to his success? Dr. V attracted his family and professionals to his Aravind group with his philosophy. To serve humanity and God through your dedication in the profession. What is Aravind’s corporate culture? What practices and/or policies have created this culture and contribute to its sustainability? Aravind provides continuous training to its ophthalmic personnel, research and training collaborations with St Vincent’s hospital in NYC and University of Illinois’ Eye and Ear Infirmary in Chicago. Ophthalmologists are sent to those institutions to do their residency. Through the unfailing support of his family members, the Aravind has a strong alliance built on devotion and dedication. How does Dr. V. attract and motivate the best eye doctors in the world to work with him? Dedication and devotion to the practice. All doctors in residence were gradually conditioned physically for long hours of concentrated work. The doctors at Aravind are trained to work double than the government hospitals. They dedicate themselves for helping people through a spiritual experience. Doctors were encouraged to attend conferences, publish papers, buy books, and are encouraged to do anything to advance their professional standing in the field. Despite the fact that their salaries are consistent with their reputation in the field, the doctors work twice as hard for half the salary. How essential is Dr. V. to Aravind? What will happen to the company after he is gone? Dr. V has established the structure for Aravind. His philosophy has embedded in the mind of his staff . His legacy will be carried on through dedication to the mission of the hospital. As they implement structure to the organization through policies and procedures, improvements will be made through eye camps and surgery camps continuously. As the mission spread around the world through marketing the Aravind model, Dr. V’s philosophy will be remembered and celebrated. The mission is to bring eyesight to the masses of poor people in India, Asia, Africa and all over the world. To provide quality care as a non-profit eye hospital. To spread the Aravind model and offer hope in all parts of the world. Succession plans are in place for Tirunelveli Hospital and Coimbatore Hospital.

GM Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

GM Research - Essay Example It suppresses appetite by increasing the level of serotonin in the blood supply. Research studies also show that this plant is capable of preventing lipid accumulation in the body thereby helping in weight loss. Garcinia’s applauded ability to help fat people shed weight is due to the presence of a highly active chemical known as hydroxycitric acid. GENETIC ENGINEERING OF GARCINIA Natural Garcinia has a certain concentration of the active chemical. However, with the accelerating percentage of people turning towards Garcinia for easy weight loss has been the main focus of genetic engineers. The rind of the fruit was used to make medicinal extracts. Genetic engineers have modified the plant such that the active chemical is now produced in the rind as well as in the endosperm (pulp) of the fruit Toxicology trials Trials were conducted on animals (rabbits). No serious condition was noticed in animal trials. Mild ocular irritation occurred when the extract was given in the right ey e (Ohia et al,2002), however no literature so far suggest that the extract causes any health problems in humans. LOWER COST TO FARMERS Traditionally the agriculture industry has been the best supporter and beneficiary from innovative technology. Interbreeding and natural selection of plant traits have been a common method to grow naturally modified crops for better yield and plant characters. However, the same technique in the laboratory has been developed paving way for the much debated genetically modified crops. Genetically modified crops are not only important to science and researchers but are of immense importance to the farmers as well. The growth projection of GMO’s is directly proportional to the profits of farmers growing the GMO’s. Contrary to the most common perception that growth of genetically modied organisms or plants are anti-democratic in nature, studies and surveys have established that growing these GMO’s are in fact much more beneficial than growing the ordinary forms of the same crop or plants.†In countries where farmers are allowed to grow GM crops, they increasingly choose to do so. In 2010, 15.4 million farmers in 29 countries cultivated GM crops† (James,2010). Growing Garcinia Cambogia will also be equally beneficial to the farmers given that the market demand for the plant is extremely high. Firstly, cultivating Cambogia with the help of genetically engineered seeds would increase the yield. This yield will be much more than that obtained while cultivating Cambogia with the help of ordinary, non-modified seeds of the plant. This helps the farmers obtain much more profit from the same amount of money spend on seeds. Secondly, the genetically modied Garcinia cambogia is resistant to insects, weeds and other pests. Studies have shown that farmers spend a lot on necessary farm products such as weedicides and pesticides. Most genetically modified crops do not need these harmful chemicals for protection. It was seen in a study that â€Å"by 2009, the usage of GM crops had reduced pesticide spraying by 393 million kg of active ingredients, the equivalent of decreasing 17.1% of the global pesticide use (Brookes & Barfoot,2011) While cultivating non-modified variety of Garcinia cambogia, farmers needs to use a lot of money on purchasing these chemicals. However, in case a farmer utilizes the genetically modified seed to cultivate a modified form of insect and weed resistant Garcinia, the money spent on purchasing the chemicals

Offshoring Sales Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Offshoring Sales Plan - Essay Example Microsoft Great Plains, Navision, Microsoft CRM, Microsoft RMS, Remote Support Technology and Customization packages will serve to enterprise accounting, electronic requisitions, automation of operations, retail management, to have cheaper consulting rates and a specialized customization in development of automation and services. 1 eBECS having centers in UK, USA, China, India and Jordan need to concentrate on Jordan Centre to offer ERP products and services at affordable prices to clients ranging from Large scale enterprises and their branches to small size enterprises. eBECS is a Microsoft Gold partner that builds strong partnerships with enterprise customers looking to exploit the full potential of the investment in ERP. This is done by assisting various organizations to be agile and responsive in meeting the specific demands the trading environment demands. The company provides solutions using Microsoft Dynamics AX that is functionally serves a wide range of business sectors. The specialty of eBECS is to add lean capabilities to Microsoft Dynamics AX and a full integration to the core product using Microsoft components. The company is capable to offer to eBECS enterprise distribution call centre management system that can provide integrated solution for companies involved in call centers, warehousing, retailing, logistics and distribution. In last 7 years it has been proved that the company values for practical delivery time and can call customers across the manufacturing and distribution sector. The implementation of ERP makes the company a sof tware reseller as well as a partner that ensure the customer to gain competitive advantage. 2 3.2 Mission Statement: The company states that it offers solutions regarding Microsoft Dynamics AX, Lean manufacturing, EDCCM, e REQS and Application Integration. Its services are regarding consulting, off-shore, financing and bean integration. 3.3 Key to Success: The Key to Success is due to range of products and services it offers. The application integration in products enabled its success in offering products without changing the applications. Its offshore services from India and Jordan are responsible for offering services at affordable rate for premium and other customers respectively. 4. Products and Services 4.1 Products: 4.1.1 Enterprise Resource Management: The company offers its products in the form of solutions regarding enterprise resource management by using Microsoft Dynamics AX. The solutions offer demand flexibility, scalability and rapid implementation. The products of the company are designed to offer grown with existing investments and to automate the unique business processes. This in turn accelerates the success of the organization in delivering integrated and open collaborative working in the least time possible. 4.1...2 Customer Relationship Management: The delivery of the quality in products is due to customer relationship management at eBECS that helps clients to increase revenues and profitability. This is due to better management of relationship with customers. This is enhanced by automation of sales force and

Challenges Faces Holiday Inn Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Challenges Faces Holiday Inn - Essay Example As the discussion highlights to  improve on sales of the restaurant, management decided to change their brand name. The action was intended to change the perception of the guests. Changing the perception of the guests would improve on sales. The increase in sales will be an outcome from fooling guests that the products in this case, which are pizza, are from a different restaurant ‘Napoli pizza’. Management of the restaurant also decided on changing delivery boxes to the room service. They also changed the brochures for each guesthouse to indicate ‘Napoli pizza’ and their phone number had a different prefix and would be as ‘Napoli pizza.  In marketing, various ethical issues should be adhered in the process of business. In this case, various marketing ethics issues were violated. Firstly, the management of Holiday inn restaurant fooled their customers by temporarily changing their brand name to ‘Napoli pizza’ with the aim of increasing sales to maximize profit. The practice was contrary to marketing ethics that requires businesses to advertize their products in promoting honesty, fairness, and responsibility. In this case, management of the restaurant failed to take the responsibility of marketing to promote their sales and instead put on a fake brand name. Another ethical issue arose from the restaurant using another organizations name without their authorization. The act resulted into disrespect and violation of the marketing and business ethics. Secondly, the restaurant provided brochures with a fake name to impress their customers and at the same time boost sale sales in the room service. The management did not show their real identity to their customers in the guesthouses and faked their delivery boxes.  

Analyse Different Chilli Peppers Biology Essay

Analyse Different Chilli Peppers Biology Essay The purpose of this project was to analyse different chilli peppers and hot sauces for their Capsaicin and Dihydrocapsaicin content but concentration was focused more on the analysis of different chillies than sauces. Samples of chillies were refluxed using Ethanol as an extraction solvent and sauces were untrasonicated using Methanol. The extracts were filtered and analysed via Reverse phase HPLC-UV Vis technique. A number of experiments were performed to optimise the method that has been previously used for analysis of chilli peppers. The first experiment conducted was to optimise the duration of reflux time required to obtain a good yield of Capsaicin. Results showed that 1hr is sufficient for the extraction of Capsaicin. A variety of chilli peppers and sauces were analysed so as to ascertain the hottest pepper. In general all samples had good detection. Different parts of chillies were also examined to establish which part contains the highest concentration of Capsaicin and Endoc arp was found to be the hottest part. The reproducibility of the method was also investigated and the sample showed to have a low RSD value. 1. Introduction Next to Jazz music, theres nothing that lifts the spirit and strengthens the soul more than a good bowl of chillies. Harry James (Late American musician) Loved by millions for their hot and sizzling flavours, the chilli peppers have become very popular over the period of time and are being grown in almost in all parts of the world, with Asia being the biggest producer of chillies followed by Mexico and the U.S. In traditional Indian medical system, chilli is used as way of stimulating the digestion and is also believed to be a natural pain killer. The red chilli peppers are also a source of potassium, magnesium and iron and vitamin C. 1.1 Why Are They So Hot? The heat sensation in chillies is caused by a class of chemicals, called the Capsaicinoids. These compounds are found in members of the capsicum family of plants. Capsaicinoids themselves belong to a group called Vanilloids i.e. containing the Vanillyl group [3dchem.com] Figure 1.1 [ en.wikipedia.org] All Capsaicinoids have same functional groups and differ only in length of hydrocarbon chain. The most common of Capsaicinoids compounds is Capsaicin which is the major constituent of chilli peppers and also responsible for their pungent taste. [3d chem.] 1.2 Structure of Capsaicins: Capsaicin figure 1.2.1 Dihydrocapsaicin figure 1.2.2 Nordihydrocapsaicin figure 1.2.3 Homocapsaicin figure 1.2.4 Homodihydrocapsaicin figure 1.2.5 Out of all the Capsaicins, the capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin are the major constituents of Capsaicinoids (make up 80-90% of capsaicinoids). 1.3 Cis-trans isomerism in Capsaicin [3dchem] Capsaicin can exhibit cis-trans isomerism due to the presence of C=C bond. The double bond prevents the molecule to rotate freely internally, therefore, giving rise to stereo isomers. Cis isomer of the capsaicin is less stable and has higher energy due to steric hindrance. As the methyl groups are in close proximity to each other it causes repulsion between them and hence making it a less stable arrangement due to this added strain. Trans isomer on the contrary has methyl groups further apart and doesnt have any steric hindrance, making it a more stable/low energy arrangement. Therefore, the Capsaicin is always found in the Trans isomer. Figure 1.3.1 [http://www.homesteadcollective.org/mpg/science/majorcrap5.shtml] 1.4 Scoville Scale The scale for measuring the extent of heat in chillies was first invented by an American Chemist Wilbur Lincoln Scoville in 1912. The test he devised is known as the Scoville Organoleptic test in which he had a group of volunteers to taste the chillies on their own and later diluted them with sugar and water until they didnt have any burning sensation left. The resulting dilution factor was called the Scoville heat value of the sample and a number was then assigned to each sample of chilli i.e. Scoville unit, to ascertain the amount of dilution a chilli needs before its hot flavour dies away. [3d.chem] Table 1.4.1 Scoville heat values for Capsaicinoids [g6csy.net] Molecule Strength /Scoville units Capsaicin 16.1 million Dihydrocapsaicin 16.1 million Nordihydrocapsaicin 9.3 million Homocapsaicin 6.9 million Homodihydrocapsaicin 8.1 million The hottest capsaicin found is in the chilli known as Naga Jolokia, grown in India and has Scoville strength of 855,000-105, 0000 units. The Habanero (Mexican chilli) are the runners-up with Scoville rating range of 200,000-300, 0000. g6csy.net As mentioned earlier, in addition to Capsaicins being used as food additives, they have important medicinal benefits and are known as Phytochemicals.[3dchem.com] Due to having pharmaceutical and antioxidant properties, its widely used in anti-flammatory creams and ointments and also used as a counter irritant in surgical dressings and medicines. Moreover, they are also being used in nutritional supplements for pain relief and Arthritis. [cals.ncsu.edu] 1.5. Extraction Methods for Capsaicin Different methods have been devised as a way of extracting capsaicin from chilies and sauces. The simplest technique is to dissolve chilies in a polar solvent and placing the mixture on hot plates for half an hour and then filtering the extract via simple/vacuum filtration and making up with Methanol (100 ml). The other techniques more efficient for extraction are as follows: 1.5.1 Solid Phase Extraction or SPE This technique is particularly useful in extracting capsaicin as it requires pre-treating the sample prior to analysis. This reduces the amount of unwanted components that may interfere with the analysis. The extraction is completed in 4 steps: Conditioning the cartridge: This involves activating the cartridge by passing the sample through it to achieve same conditions with in the cartridge (e.g. to achieve same pH, composition etc as the sample). Retention: The sample is applied to the cartridge and either contaminants are retained and analyte is flushed through the cartridge. Other way used is holding the analyte with in the column and the unwanted components are passed through the column. Rinsing: The cartridge is then rinsed with distilled water to wash off the impurities. Elution: The last step is to elute the sample with appropriate solvent and the extract can then be used for analysis. 1.5.2 Reflux As demonstrated in this project, this method involves refluxing the chilies in methanol for appropriate duration. The reflux time required can be optimized by refluxing samples for different durations to establish the optimum time required by the capsaicin to leach. 1.5.3 Ultrasonication This method can be used for extracting the capsaicin from sauces or capsaicin based creams in short time. The samples are soaked in Ethanol and placed in the ultrasonic bath for half an hour at high temperature. The ultrasonic vibrations release the capsaicin from the samples. 1.5.4 Supercritical fluid extraction or SCFE In this method, the extraction solvent used is a super critical fluid. A super critical fluid (SCF) is a compound above its critical temperature and pressure. Therefore, an SCF is neither a liquid nor a gas. Hence, a super critical fluid has properties similar to liquids i.e. dissolving compounds and also gas like properties e.g. transportation. SCFE also minimizes the matrix components. Due to these capabilities, this method is more efficient and quicker than the other extraction methods. Carbon dioxide and water are the most commonly used SCF. This technique has a variety of applications in food, petrol, and pharmaceutical industries. 1.6. Previous research on Capsaicin Capsaicin has been widely studied and researched by various organisations and institutions but insufficient literature has been published with respect to the analysis of chilli peppers and sauces. In this section, three articles will be discussed as all three papers deal with the analysis of chillies and sauces relevant to this project. The first literature ¹ investigated the concentration of Capsaicin and Dihydrocapsaicin in the Habanero peppers using Super Critical Fluid Extraction method (SCFE). In addition to the analysis of Habanero whole peppers, different parts of chilli were also examined for their Capsaicin content. The Habanero peppers were obtained from two different locations: Cunningham Research station and Bailey Farm (located in North Carolina, US). The peppers were cut into seeds and shells and prior to extraction, the samples from Bailey farms were prepared fresh, oven dried and freeze dried and samples from Cunningham station were prepared in oven and freeze dried states. The whole peppers and seeds/shells samples were extracted using three polar solvents i.e. Methanol, Acetone and Acetonitrile. The Method for SCFE is as follows as stated in the literature: Fresh, oven and freeze dried preparations (0.5g dry weight) were extracted using a biomass: solvent loading of 15% (w/v) based on the initial moisture of the pepper samples/parts. Sample and solvent mixtures were homogenised in 50ml conical glass tubes and placed in a shaking water bath (50 °C). The extracts (2ml each) were then filtered and stored at -20 °C until the analysis. The preliminary work suggested that 1hr is sufficient to get good yield of capsaicin. The extracts were then analysed using Reverse-phased HPLC with UV VIS Detector. The HPLC was equilibrated with capsaicin standards (10, 30,50ppm). The mobile phase composition was isocratic at 60:40 (Acetonitrile: Water with acetic acid (pH 3)). The researchers of this project compared the capsaicin and Dihydrocapsaicin concentrations from both locations. The results showed that the Cunningham stations peppers had higher concentration of capsaicin in comparison with the Bailey farms chillies but the Bailey Farms pepper had higher amount of Dihydrocapsaicin than the Cunninghams. The results suggested that samples that were oven dried and extracted with Acetone gave maximum yields of the Capsaicinoids. This literature also suggested that regardless of the solvent type and preparation state used, seed has the highest amount of capsaicin. The researchers suggested the reason for differences in capsaicin concentration was due to different environments the fruits are cultivated e.g. chemicals used, weather conditions etc. The second literature ² deals with the analysis of three Capsaicinoids i.e. levels of capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin and nordihydrocapsaicin in different chillies, sauces and arthritis creams via reverse phased HPLC. This research employed a solvent extraction technique which involved addition of ethanol (extraction solvent) to the samples of ground chillies, sauces and creams and placing the samples on hot plates for 30mins. After cooling and filtration, the extracts were transferred into flasks (100ml) and made up to the mark with Ethanol. 5ml was withdrawn from this sample and filtered again into a syringe filter cartridge (0.45 µm pore size). This aliquot was then used for the analysis. A 1000ppm standard stock solution was used to make standard capsaicin solutions ranging from 1-50ppm and ran through HPLC. The mobile phase in this research was made up of ACN, water and phosphoric acid (0.1%).The UV detector was set at 280nm and 205nm to determine samples responses at different wavelengths. In addition, Isocratic and Gradient elution were used. The findings from this journal suggested that Capsaicinoids present in very little concentrations (e.g. 0.5ppm) were detected better at 205nm wavelength using gradient elution rather than Isocratic method. However, results also indicated that for analysis of Capsaicinoids present in greater concentrations, Isocratic elution and UV wavelength at 280nm. The concentrations of the Capsaicinoids were expressed in terms of the Scoville units and the value calculated for the Habanero peppers (150,000) in this experiment was different to the literature value range (200,000-300,000). The researchers attributed this fact to variations in the environment e.g. weather etc. The third literature ³ determined the capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin content in chilli peppers. The chillies were grounded for 10mins and Acetonitrile (30ml) was added to the crushed peppers and again grounded for 20mins. The solid residue was filtered and an aliquot (1ml) was made up to the mark with Acetonitrile. (in 10 ml flask). The extraction method used in this work was Solid Phase Extraction (SPE): An SPE cartridge was conditioned with Acetonitrile, methanol and water and the capsaicin extract (10ml) was then applied to the cartridge and the analyte was eluted with methanol (4ml) and then again with 1 ml of methanol (containing 1% acetic acid). The analytes were then run through reverse phase HPLC using UV-VIS detector (at 281nm); mobile phase consisted of 77:33 (Methanol: Water). The HPLC was eluted first with the standards so as to obtain the calibration graphs. The Capsaicinoids concentration of different chillies was expressed in Scoville heat units (similar to literature 2). The results showed that Habanero is the hottest amongst all peppers that were analysed i.e. Scoville heat value of 276,000 which corresponded to the literature value range. The least hot pepper was Jalapeno (41,000 Scoville heat units). 1.6.1 Comparison of three papers: The researches have used different techniques to extract the Capsaicinoids i.e. SCFE and SPE. However, the extraction technique used in this project was Reflux (for chillies) and Ultrasonication (for sauces). The extractions were successful and all samples in general were detected which indicates that more than one method can be employed as a way of extracting the Capsaicinoids from chillies and sauces. Various parameters were manipulated as part of method development in literature 2 e.g. Isocratic/gradient elution and different wavelengths. Similarly in Literature 1 three preparation states and three solvents were used to determine what state/solvent gives maximum yield of Capsaicinoids. Literature 1 also suggested that the hottest part with in the chilli is the seeds, however, the findings of this project have shown that the Endocarp contains the highest amount of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin. This is indicative of the fact that the amount of Capsaicinoids can vary even with in d ifferent parts of chilli. However, all researches discussed as well as this project has used polar solvents to extract the analytes and the analytical technique used was reverse phase HPLC which indicates its usefulness in the capsaicin analysis in particular. Once an analyte of interest has been extracted, it can be analysed by a process called Chromatography. 1.7 Chromatography The word Chromatography originates from Greek; Chroma means colour and graphein implies to write. [Skoog West Analytical Chem 7th Edition page 646] The history of this separative technique dates back to early twentieth century when it was developed by a Russian Botanist Mikhail Tswett in 1903[D kealy Instant notes]. He used this method for separation of various plant pigments and samples were passed through a calcium carbonate column. The separated analytes were identified as they left coloured bands on the column. [Skoog West Ana Chem 7th Page 646]. Since its invention by the Russian Scientist, this method has been modified and developed in many forms to give quantitative (amount of the analyte present) and qualitative analysis (identification of the unknowns) of complex mixtures. [d.Kealey instant notes page 119]. Separation in Chromatography is achieved by passing the sample mixture through the stationary phase by continuous flow of a mobile phase. This process is known as Elution. Hence, the chromatographic separation depends on the differences in the distribution ratios of the sample components between the stationary and mobile phase. Therefore, this capability of an analyte to migrate at different rates in both phases gives separation over a period of time and distance travelled. [D Kealey page 120] Kx= Cs/Cm, where kx is the equilibrium partition coefficient and Cs and Cm are molar concentrations of analyte in mobile and stationary phase. There are two types of Chromatography techniques: Year 2 notes page 25-26 1.7.1 Planar Chromatography In this method, the stationary phase is composed of a flat bed of material which is made up of an adsorbed layer distributed evenly over a sheet of glass, plastic or Aluminum (known as Thin Layer Chromatography or TLC) Paper Chromatography is also another type of Planar Chromatography in which the stationary phase is a sheet of cellulose material. 1.7.2 Column Chromatography In this method, the stationary phase is a glass or metal column on to which the stationary phase is tightly packed onto a column where separation takes place. Examples of Column chromatography are Gas Chromatography, High Performance Liquid Chromatography etc. 1.7.3 Chromatogram The plot of detector response Vs elution time is known as the Chromatogram. [Year 2 notes page 25]. Figure 1.7.3.1 [http://www.clu-in.org/characterization/technologies/images/retention.gif] 1.7.4 Retention time In the above figure is a typical chromatogram and term tr is the time taken by the analyte to elute the column, known as Retention time. [year 2 notes page 28] 1.7.4 Dead time [d Kealey page 121] Indicated as tm in the fig is referred to the dead time this is defined as the retention time required by the non retained species (i.e. mobile phase molecule) to pass through the column. A good Chromatogram should have well defined peaks having correct shape and symmetry (i.e. Gaussian shape), eluted in reasonable retention time (tr not too long or too short) and should be separated from the extraneous peaks. [Year 2 notes page 29] 1.8 Describing a Chromatogram There are four parameters used in chromatography that evaluate the quality of a chromatogram. These are: 1.8.1 The Capacity Factor, K It is the amount of mobile phase required to elute a particular peak. The K is calculated for the first and the last peak. This factor is particularly useful when establishing the best mobile phase composition in the HPLC. K can be calculated as following: K= (tr-tm)/tm where tr is the retention time and tm is the dead time. A Chromatogram having well separated peaks in good retention time will have K values between 2-8. 1.8.2 The Selectivity Factor, ÃŽÂ ± This is the ability of a system to separate two analytes (A and B) and is calculated by: ÃŽÂ ±= trb tm/ tra- tm, where trb and tra are the retention times of analytes A and B. A system where peaks are clearly separated has a value of ÃŽÂ ± > 1 1.8.3 The Resolution factor, Rs This determines the ability of a system to resolve two peaks that elute very close to each other. And can be calculated by: Rs = 2 (trb-tra)/Wa+ Wb where tra and trb are retention times and Wa and Wb are the peak widths of analyte A and B. The value of Rs > 1.5 for a good quality chromatogram. 1.8.4 The Efficiency Factor [ D kealey page 126-127] When separation takes place in a column, the chromatographic separation can be evaluated by the resolution factor, Rs or the efficiency factor. The efficiency is defined as the number of theoretical plates in a column. This factor evaluates the extent of band broadening of the analyte peaks. Increasing the number of plates and reducing their heights gives better efficiency and vice versa. The plate height can be calculated using: H= L/N where L is the length of the column (in mm usually) and N is the number of plates. The efficiency factor N is calculated by: N= 16 (tr/W) ² for a peak with a good baseline N= 5.54 (tr/W1/2) ² for a peak with a poor baseline and W1/2 is the width at half the maximum height of the peak. (year 2 notes 42-43) 1.8.5 Band Broadening As an analyte passes down a column, the peaks become shorter and broader due to various factors that cause band broadening. The Van Deemter Equation explains the reason for the band broadening: H= A+ (B/u) + Cu where H is the plate height and u is the linear velocity of the mobile phase. Other variables in the equation are explained below: A- Eddy Diffusion: As the mobile phase carries the sample components through the stationary phase, some components pass through the column in a straight line whilst other may that are retained longer by the stationary phase may deviate from the straight path and cause the peaks or bands to be broader. If evenly sized particles are used for packing the stationary phase, then the Eddy diffusion can be minimized. B- Longitudinal Diffusion: If the mobile phase is travelling at low velocities, then the analyte will spend more time in the column as analytes diffuse into the mobile phase. This longitudinal diffusion contributes towards peak broadening and can be minimized by an increasing the flow rate of the mobile phase. The increased velocity will reduce the retention time resulting in decreased effects caused by this phenomenon. [Veronica HPlc page 17-19] C-Mass transfer: As discussed earlier in this section, the separation depends on the ability of the analyte to distribute itself between the stationary and mobile phase. As the mobile phase is constantly flowing, the true equilibrium distribution of the analyte is never established. This leads to increased retention times and thus resulting in peak broadening. [d kealey page 124] 5. High Performance Liquid Chromatography or HPLC HPLC is a form of liquid chromatography which provides both qualitative and quantitative information about complex mixture samples in short time. The stationary phase in this technique is made up of very small fine particles and the sample is forced through the column by mobile phase solvents under high pressure, hence also bearing the name High Pressure Liquid Chromatography. [page 1 Veronica HPLC]. 5.1 Mobile phase in HPLC The main requirement for this technique is that the analyte must be soluble in the mobile phase as the mobile phase carries the sample mixture through the column where separation takes place. Therefore, if the analyte interacts with the mobile strongly, it will elute the column faster, leading to shorter retention times. [page 66 Chromatographic separations]. The mobile phase can either be a single solvent or different solvents combinations may be used. After suitable mobile phase has been chosen, the system can be set at isocratic or gradient conditions. In Isocratic conditions, the chosen ratio of solvents remains constant throughout the analysis e.g. in this project Isocratic mobile phase used for analysis. In contrast, the gradient mobile phase can be changed over the period of time. [Year 2 notes ]. 1.9 Stationary phase in HPLC The stationary phase in HPLC consists of a solid made out of micro porous material packed into the metal column. Silicas or modified Silicas with nonpolar organic groups attached are commonly used as column packing material. Out of all stationary phases used in HPLC, Octadecyl silica known as ODS or C18 is most extensively used due to its ability to separate the analyte components with high, intermediate and low polarities. Other stationary phases used in HPLC are Aminopropyl, Nitile, Sulphonic acid, quaternary Amines etc [d. kealey 159-161] Elution in HPLC is carried out by determining the extent of interactions of the analyte with the stationary and mobile phases. The degree of separation of the sample components depend on their migration rates and distribution ratios in both phases. 1.9.1 Normal and Reverse phase HPLC In normal phase HPLC (adsorption chromatography), the stationary phase is more polar than the mobile phase which is weakly polar. The separations are based on the relative polarities of the sample components. For instance, if species A is more polar than the species B, A will have strong affinity for the stationary phase and will be held in the column longer. This will result in species A having long retention time compared to B. Thus, in normal phase HPLC, least polar analyte elutes first. In Reverse phase HPLC (bonded phase chromatography), the stationary phase in non polar and the mobile phase solvents used are polar. This phase is governed by the hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of the analytes. Most polar analyte elutes first and vice versa. As Capsaicinoids are relatively non polar, therefore, if the mobile phase polarity in reverse phase is increased then the analyte will have stronger affinity for the stationary phase and therefore will spend more time in the column, leading to long retention times. The mobile phase solvents used in Reverse phase HPLC are water or aqueous buffer with an organic solvent. The use of protons in mobile phase composition improves the peak shape and travels in column quickly. [http://ionsource.com/tutorial/chromatography/rphplc.htm#Solvents] 1.9.2 HPLC Instrumentation Figure 1.9.2.1 [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I-CdTU5X4HA] Pump: In HPLC solvent delivery system, the pump is used to deliver the mobile phase solvents to the column under high pressure. Most commonly used pumps are reciprocating pumps. The pumps used should be free of corrosion, must supply an accurate and controlled flow rate and should be pulse free. The HPLC solvents for mobile phase must be degassed to ensure they are pure and free of any contaminants. This is done by passing an inter gas through the solvent reservoir in vacuum degasser. Injector: The sample is injected through syringe into the injector port. The injection system must not interrupt the flow of mobile phase and should deliver sample into the column in small volumes (5-500 µL). Column: Most commonly used HPLC column is 25cm in length, internal diameter of 4-6mm and particle size of 5 µm. 1.9.3 Detectors in HPLC When the sample components elute the column at different rates, they pass through the detector, and the information form the detector is then displayed in the form of a chromatogram. 1.9.4 UV-Vis Detector The detector is set at a specific wavelength which will be absorbed by the analyte. The degree of absorbance of UV radiation by the analyte is proportional to its concentration. (Beer Lambert law) 1.9.5 Diode array Detector or DAD The Diode Array detector is a type of UV Vis Detector [D Kealey page 162]. When the sample reaches the sensor cells, UV radiation is shone on the analyte. The light source mostly used is a Deuterium lamp. After light passes through the cell, its dispersed onto the photosensitive diodes via diffraction grating or quartz prism. Every diode in the array detects different wavelengths. The measure of differences in extent of absorbance at different wavelengths by the sample components results in their identification and also gives information about the concentration of the analytes. [http://www.chromatography-online.org/topics/diode/array.html] Other detectors used in HPLC are Fluorescence, refractive index, electrochemical detectors etc. [d Kealey 163-165] Figure 1.9.5.1 Experimental Method This project was performed in four different experiments. In all experiments, the methods for extracting the capsaicin from chilli peppers and sauces were the same i.e. reflux and Ultrasonication. However, different masses of chilli peppers, their individual parts were used and solvent volumes were taken in these experiments. (see results) 2.1.1 Preparation of chilli samples and extraction Several chillies were cut into small pieces and weighed into a 250 mL round bottom flasks. Ethanol (75 ml) was then added to chillies. A condenser (fitted with rubber tubing to the water tap) was fixed to the round bottom flask and solution was placed on isomantle (set at 80 °C) and refluxed in fume cupboard. After cooling off, extract was filtered into 100ml flask and made up to the mark with ethanol. A 5ml aliquot was withdrawn into 1.8ml sample vial using a 0.45 µm syringe filter. These aliquots were then analysed through HPLC. 2.1.2 Preparation of chilli sauces and extraction The hot sauces were prepared by dilution of sauce (2g) with ethanol (15ml) in beakers and solutions were places in ultrasonic bath (set at 60 °C) for 30 minutes. The extracts were filtered in the same way as chillies i.e. using 0.45 µl syringe and transferred to 20ml volumetric flasks and bringing up to the mark with methanol. The equipment used was white tiles, knife, weighing boat and weighing scale. 2.1.3 Preparation of glassware In analytical experiments, its of prime importance to ensure the glassware used is clean. Therefore, the glassware used in this project was washed first with deionised water and then with the solvents used. 2.1.4 Preparation of standards for Calibration The standard solutions were prepared from 200ppm stock solution directly into sample vials. Eppendorf pipette was used for accuracy and 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 ppm standards were made with HPLC standard Methanol. Concentration/ppm Volume of 200ppm Capsaicin/ ÃŽÂ ¼L Volume of methanol/ÃŽÂ ¼L 0 0 1000 20 100 900 40 200 800 60 300 700 80 400 600 100 500 500 2.2 HPLC The HPLC used in the laboratory was Agilent 1100 Series Column- ODS hypersil UV VIS Detector- G1315B Diode array detector (set at 280nm) Flow rate- 1.3 ml/min Windows XP CPU Mobile phase- Isocratic at 65:35 Acetonitrile (2% acetic acid): water Particle size- 5 µm, Column dimension- 250mm x 4.6mm 2.3 Determining ÃŽÂ »max for UV- Vis detector The ÃŽÂ »max for the detector was determined by placing methanol blank in UV spectrometer (Perkin Elmer with lambda 40) to calibrate it. After calibration, a 100ppm capsaicin standard was placed in the spectrometer and a graph was obtained with the optimum wavelength (see Appendix 1). This was 280.40nm and the HPLC detector was set at this wavelength. 2.4 Determining optimum mobile phase composition (see Appendix 2) The mobile phase was altered to different ratios to establish what ratio gives the best separation and reasonable retention times (less than 7 minutes). The 80:20 ratio (MeCn: water) gave shorter retention time but the peaks were eluted closer to each other. The 70:30 ratio showed good retention time but peaks were still closer to each other. 50:50 ratio gave long retention time and 60:40 ratio gave good separation but retention time was longer. Therefore ratio of 65:35 was used as this gave the best retention time and separati

Frankenstein vs. the Terminator: Themes of Science, Feminism, and Roman

Author of Frankenstein, Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin; Born on 30th August 1797-Died on 1st February 1851. In her time she was a British novelist, short story writer, dramatist, essayist, a travel-writer and her Gothic novel Frankenstein; or, the Modern Prometheus 1818. Marry Shelley, when she made a conscious decision to produce Frankenstein, she literally collected her own demons together to create her own autobiography in Frankenstein. Her book shows heartbreak towards conception. In other words where she had problems of having children of her own, she wanted to show this in her book. The author of Frankenstein also managed to make it a science-fiction novel of its time as one of the classics. Mary Shelley knew her book would be in trouble if she didn’t go along with her husband Percy’s wishes. When she asked him to edit Frankenstein he did it in hid own style, which she didn’t like. Even though, she was the daughter of Mary Wollstonecraft the creator of feminism there was still mail dominance in publishing. Percy published her first book anonymously in 1818 They both knew it would be a flop if she went along with her own name therefore Percy took upon himself edit and change the text to suit his own standards before he went along and published it. So by the time it was published there was nothing left to say that she had written the novel. Shelley’s mother Mary Wollstonecraft was one of the very first women to champion equal rights. After her mother’s success with feminism, eventually freedom for women had enabled her to gain authority to her own novel and she was able to republish the novel under her own name in 1831. For my Frankenstein essay I will be focusing on how to critically compare the original text of F... ...the idea of marrying Victor. Elizabeth keeps her character as very girly, flowery and stays week in character through the book. With Sarah’s character she does start with girly character but you can actually see the strength through her personality that the plot has given her to start with. After the terminator shows his face to her she becomes a protector of her son, saver of the future. By the end of the terminator film, Sarah has been shredded all her feminine side what was left of it after sleeping with again from the future male character. , how it drowns to his attention how much he had longed for his sister/future wife to be. Yet he never felt so lonely whilst within her company. Whether it was the fact that the burning desire driven him away. Or just his sheer highly intelligent curiosity got in the way of settling for second best.

Early Childhood Curriculum Essay

While being in this course I have learned about the different curriculums, philosophies and theories. In this paper I will be discussing how to develop an appropriate curriculum for preschool children. This paper will include the following topics: the theories and/or philosophies of Montessori; concepts learned throughout this course, how to apply them into an early childhood classroom focusing on the understanding components to design a curriculum for a preschool classroom based on ages 3 to 5 year old children. First let’s discuss the philosophies of  both Maria Montessori and Jean Piaget. Maria Montessori ideas and beliefs are embedded throughout every early childhood program and her influence on our thinking about curriculum has been profound. She was a tireless child advocate and believed that all children deserve a proper education. Montessori insisted that through proper early education, underprivileged and cognitively impaired children could be successful if they were given a chance to learn. She was one of the first to establish a preschool for poor and mentally retarded children in Rome; these preschools were called â€Å"Casa  dei Bambini†, which translated in English as â€Å"Children’s House. † Dr. Montessori proposed that children that are at risk and the notion that society had a moral responsibility to devote resources to early child intervention. Our textbook states that. â€Å"Montessori embraced and expanded Froebel’s kindergarten concept; she felt that children were natural learners and should drive much of their own learning. She asserted that children should be grouped in multiage (2 ? to 5 years) classes to allow flexibility and opportunities for peer mentoring. Montessori developed an  extensive set of â€Å"didactic† materials and lessons designed to be attractive to children and used by teachers to teach specific concepts and skills. She adapted furniture to child size as a gesture of respect for the unique needs of early learners† (Jaruszewicz, 2012). I agree with her philosophy and theory, because children do need the freedom to learn at their own pace and not to be pressured to do what they see other children do. It is also important the classroom learning environment to be attractive so that it will draw the children to be there and learn new and exciting things. In order to use the teaching method, the teachers must be trained to work with all children and understand that no one child develops the same as another. The other philosopher that I will discuss is Jean Piaget. A contemporary of both Montessori and Dewey, Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget proposed a theory of cognitive development that initiated a constructivist view of curriculum (Jaruszewicz, 2012). Piaget conducted several experiments with young children that proved that their mental concepts are learned through trial and error experiences. Young children will continue to do  things that they have been told not to do, until the consequence of their actions has been reached. For example, when a parent tells their child not to stack the building blocks up too high or they will fall on them which could lead to them being hurt; the child continues to do that the same thing over and over again to see if what their parent said is true. Once the child has seen the building blocks fall over on them is when they have learned that they don’t need to do that. His work confirmed early learning as distinct from other developmental periods, implying, therefore,  that materials and activities for young children should reflect the idiosyncratic way in which they think and process stimuli (Jaruszewicz, 2012). Piaget proposed that cognitive development occurs in four different stages, three of which occur during early childhood. In the sensorimotor stage, infants and toddlers process experience and begin to coordinate movement through sensory exploration. Preoperational thinking of preschoolers emerges spontaneously, as they are internally motivated to make sense of their environment by testing ideas and theories in play and  exploration with materials (Jaruszewicz, 2012). Piaget and Montessori are the main philosophies that stood out to me in this course the most. Next I will discuss the Core knowledge preschool sequence curriculum and the areas inside it. With strong focus on challenging, but appropriate content, the Core Knowledge Preschool Sequence and Teacher Handbook is unique among early childhood programs. It outlines a cumulative and coherent progression of knowledge and skills in all developmental areas and integrates developmentally appropriate practices for both content and instruction. Using the core knowledge curriculum helps with creating appropriate activities that prepare the preschool age children to learn. Children are always ready to learn; as long as the teacher understands that, each child will be eager to learn in new and exciting ways. It is important for teachers to make sure that the information that they wish to teach the children in the classroom is appropriate and fun. The Core Knowledge Preschool Sequence Curriculum focuses on five different areas: Social Skills, Early Literacy skills in reading and writing, Mathematics, Science and Visual Arts. It is important for children to learn how to interact with other children their age early in their lives to develop their social skills. One of the many things I love about Montessori is that Montessori teachers see the ‘whole’ child-developmentally, academically, socially, emotionally, and physically. There is a myth out there that says simply placing children in the same room and having them do activities helps them develop social skills. I disagree. Developing social skills needs to be a value in the classroom as well as modeled by the teachers/adults who are around  the children. Using manners, demonstrating what Montessori called ‘Grace and Courtesy’ and always being respectful of the child are key ingredients to helping a child develop social skills. There are several ways to help expand children’s social skills. The activity that would be used to develop social skills would be to have the children sit in a circle on the floor, pass an object around each child to take turns telling the class something about them. Whether it is there name, favorite color, parents name, how many sibling they may have, etc. When are playing together in  the classroom they learn to take turns, shared things and playing with others in general helps them develop social skills. The development of language in early childhood classrooms is an umbrella for the Montessori curriculum. The teachers and parents consider activities on the shelves of the Language area as the heart of actual language learning. The techniques used in a Montessori classroom are different when it comes to teaching language and literacy. Teachers, parents, and administrators need to recognize communication as the foundation for the meaningful  development of language concepts and skills. Effective communication depends on authentic relationships between communicative partners. Teachers have the responsibility (actually, the opportunity) to develop and expand learning relationships with young children. This is truly the ultimate opportunity to make a difference. Seen in this light, conversations with young children on the playground, during field trips, on the way to the bathroom, in the midst of conflict resolution, during lessons, and countless other times create the context for the development of language skills. Relationships of trust are built between children and teachers and among peers. Classroom work further contributes to language concept and skill development within this context of meaningful communication. It is important to talk children especially infants constantly, so they can develop a strong sense of vocabulary. Children catch on to everything that they may hear. So it is definitely important to be cautious what language you use around children. Printed materials and images are strongly important in an early childhood classroom. These materials make the classroom attractive to  children as well as make them want to learn about what those images and books mean. Phonemic awareness is part of a balanced literacy program, and can be developed in several ways during shared reading and shared writing. Shared reading and shared writing typically occur during the language arts time block, but may also occur during content-area learning. On to my favorite subject any grade level or age is mathematics. In an early childhood classroom, teaching young children mathematics somewhat easy and in some cases not so much. Getting children ages three to four year olds to learn their numbers and one to one  correspondence can be a challenge, but it requires patience to teach the children the meaning of number awareness. Provide children with authentic, hands-on learning experiences-DO NOT USE WORKSHEETS. In preschool you should play to the children’s natural curiosities and look to your student’s interest to guide lesson planning. You are setting up children for a lifetime of learning and you should create excitement around what you. Also, the more hands on the activity is, the more learning styles you are engaging, and the more the child enjoys it the more they will  learn and retain! Create activities that children are actively involved in learning something new, such as how to count and recognize numbers. Numbers are not the only thing that children can learn that is related to mathematics. Shapes are how to perceive and recognize them are important as well. Teaching children about shapes and how many sides each one has involves numbers as well. Mathematics and Language go together because you are using vocabulary words to decide the shapes, numbers, etc. In conclusion, this paper touched on some important factors to help develop a  developmentally appropriate curriculum for preschool/pre-K age children. It is important to provide activities for young children and make sure the environment is a positive, warm and inviting one that children will want to come to school and learn new things. In this paper I discussed the standards for each core knowledge area to develop an appropriate curriculum for young children. References Jaruszewicz, C. (2012). Curriculum and Methods for Early Childhood Educators. In C. Jaruszewicz, Curriculum and Methods for Early Childhood Educators. San Diego: Bridgepoint Education.

Jimmy Carter Essays - Soviet UnionUnited States Relations

Jimmy Carter Essays - Soviet UnionUnited States Relations Jimmy Carter The President of Peace Jimmy Carter was born October 1, 1924, in the small farming town of Plains, Georgia, and grew up in the nearby community of Archery. His father, James Earl Carter, Sr., was a farmer and businessman; his mother, Lillian Gordy, a registered nurse. He was educated in the Plains public schools, attended Georgia Southwestern College and the Georgia Institute of Technology, and received a Bachelor of Science degree from the United States Naval Academy in 1946. On July 7, 1946, he married Rosalynn Smith. When his father died in 1953, he resigned a naval commission and returned to Plains. He became involved in the affairs of the community, serving as chairman of the county school board and the first president of the Georgia Planning Association. In 1962 he won election to the Georgia Senate. He lost his first gubernatorial campaign in 1966, but won the next election, becoming Georgias 76th governor on January 12, 1971. He was the Democratic National Committee campaign chairman for the 1974 c ongressional elections (Hochman html). After only serving one term as governor of Georgia he announced his candidacy for president of the United States on December 12, 1974. He won his partys nomination on the first ballot at the 1976 Democratic National Convention, and was elected the 39th president of the United States on November 2, 1976. During his presidency, Jimmy Carter made many important foreign policy accomplishments, including the Panama Canal treaties, the Diplomatic relations with China, and the Salt II treaty with the Soviet Union. Jimmy Carters first foreign policy accomplishment, and by the United States citizens, the most popular, were the Panama Canal treaties. After more than eighty years after the first official ocean-to-ocean transit of the Panama Canal, the United States and Panama embarked on a partnership for the management, operation and defense of the Panama Canal. Under two treaties signed in a ceremony at the OAS headquarters in Washington, D.C., on September 7, 1977, the canal would be operated by the United States until the turn of the century under arrangements designed to strengthen the bonds of friendship and cooperation between the two countries. The treaties were approved by Panama in a plebiscite on October 23, 1977, and the United States Senate gave its advice and consent to their ratification in March and April 1978. The new treaties went into effect October 1, 1979 (Yahoo.com). The new treaties, passed under the Carter administration and Panamas head of state Omar Torrijos would give Panama full control of the canal on December 31, 1999, at 12:00 midnight. All of the canals assets would also be turned over to Panama (Lycos.com). The ratification of the Panama Canal treaties was an important step involving a decrease in Third World hostility toward the United States (Dumbrell 212). Carter and his advisors agreed even before the inauguration that the canal negotiations should be an immediate priority. If the United States did not successfully complete negotiations, which had been going on since the Johnson administration, the government of Panama might create conflict in the zone that would require drastic American action (Hargrove 123). Another of President Jimmy Carters foreign policy accomplishments was his normalizing relations with the Peoples Republic of China. Over the winter of 1977-1978 Carter cultivated relations with Chinese officials in Washington, and solicited an official invitation to visit China himself. However the president pulled back after his advisor Mondale stated that it was too much to ask the senate to handle the Panama Canal treaties and any new agreements with China at the same time. President Carter was thus told not to be explicit about normalization, and that his visit to China was inconclusive. In the Spring of 1978 president Carter decided that the Secretary of State Vance would visit China. Vance would visit China but would not be authorized to negotiate about normalization because Carter was afraid it might hurt developing relations with Russia and Japan. The United States and the Soviet Union were beginning to negotiate a S.A.L.T. (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty) treaty, and Presi dent Carter was determined not to delay any SALT negotiations. Vance was not authorized to negotiate in China, but did a good job of laying the groundwork for